Understanding of forests, Forest types and benefits

Understanding of forests, Forest types, and benefits
The forest is the gift of God that is worth for us to take care of human hands that is Ignorant. The forest is very meaningful for any of the kinds of life on Earth. Inevitably, the meaning of forests brings an infinite or even a million benefits to humans. Moreover, if we retreat behind a little, about the process of the evolution of the Earth becomes green and brought forth the man really is amazing.

How not, humans are created with a set of resources that is able to be utilized for a man to keep his survival and also living beings around. By him that, given the abundant human lucky blessing by God Almighty.

Humans need to utter a profuse gratitude over the gifts to benefit by keeping the forest for the next generation or the next successors and also practiced forest benefits not only for humans but rather provide benefits for other creatures of his life.

There are many ways of addressing the damage to the forest and the methods used. Even when we try to find it on google. Thousands of ordinary writing-thousands of formal information, up to a scientific journal from development researchers also have reached millions to address environmental damage.

The problem is the power and the desire of the man himself who wanted to move quickly looked at the future but ruled out going to other ecosystem-ecosystem requires an understanding of the forest will be a benefit that must be consciously and properly understood by the man himself.

If not, then even the catastrophe will be infected man himself, until the drought where-where, and hunger is rampant, both for humans especially to animals.

Just imagine, a variety of human resource development is loaded will capitalism and tend to exploit the natural resources in the short term bring such great benefits for a region, the country and the world community as well. But the benefits are gone if defined in space and time the long-term benefits are simply false aliases and the long-term nature of the damage.

Let's follow the example of environmental damage or damage to the jungle that occurred in a foreign country, such as China. The world's largest population, China with her progress in growing the economy and other fields and even rode the US developed countries. Such a huge benefit for China to be able to make a superpower such as the United States made the fear with the greatness of mind.

But on the other hand, the progress of China apparently ended some fifty years. China is currently experiencing enormous problems, for example, climate irregularities and pollution everywhere. This is fatal to the survival of the Chinese citizens and countries that are in fact the entire surrounding living things upfront.

Even in some locality in China should use a mask at the time of activity. Not only that, in the continent of America also often occur. The greatest strength of all this is not denied, apparently experienced a problem that is also extremely large. It can be said the advancement of technology, military etc. brings the plagues for America.

Rapid climate changes and even a tornado often occurs everywhere, make various disadvantages local people and also living beings who live in America.

Impacts of environmental damage due to the human behavior itself. The impact, in fact, can not happen if forest and the environment, as appropriate. So for every community needs a human to understand or rightly understanding of forests, environmental, types, and benefits of forests.

The author also considers that this information is not enough means, why?. Because this information is just the basic rhetoric though with an accurate reference. This information is only being the fruit of the lips and runs out on sheets to give answers to your teacher or lecturer, or give to friends.

This information can be very mean if friends can take advantage of this information properly with the practice in the neighborhood of the alias information on forests should be applied in the surrounding environment.

Understanding forest: what is a forest?

Understanding of the forests is a whole ecosystem that consists of a stretch of land in the form of natural resources biodiversity which in general there are trees in the natural environment, the Fellowship of one another that cannot be separated.

The forest is a great gift and God Almighty the mandate conferred to each nation and is a wealth that is controlled by the State. Forests provide abundant benefits for all humanity, because mandatory be grateful, administered, and utilized optimally, and preserved to the large function and aims to the prosperity of the people, for the current generation of as well as well as future generations.

The entire forest is a forest area that is controlled by the State. Mastery of commonly referred to the forest with authorized the Government to:

• Set up and take care of everything in accordance with forest, the area of forests and forest products.
• Sets the status of a specific u.s. forest area or areas of the forest area of the US, not a forest area.
• Set up and define the legal relationships between the forests, as well as organizing the legal deed will forestry.

Forests are further divided according to the status of State forest and also the forest rights. The state forest is a forest located in the land that is not encumbered by rights over the land. While Woods is Woods right on land which is vested with rights over land.

Gamma Rays Explanation With Benefits And Danger

Gamma Rays Explanation With Benefits And Danger
Gamma rays are often notated with the Greek letter gamma Y is a form of energy from electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactivity or other nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron destruction.

In this gamma ray will form the highest-energy electromagnetic spectrum. They are often defined as starting from a 10 keV / 2.42 EHz / 124 pm energy, although electromagnetic radiation from about 10 to V to several hundred to V can also refer to x-ray hard. To note that there is no physical difference between gamma rays and x-rays of the same energy they are two names for the same electromagnetic radiation, just like sunlight and moonlight are two names for visible light.

But gamma is distinguished by X-rays from their source. Gamma rays are a term for high-energy electromagnetic radiation produced by energy transitions due to electron acceleration. Because some electron transitions make it possible to have higher energy than some nuclear transitions, there is an overlap between what we call low-energy gamma rays and high-energy X-rays.

Read related article: Electromagnetic Wave

Gamma rays are formed by other nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron destruction. Therefore, these rays cannot be found in any place because they can only occur due to other nuclear and subatomic processes, these rays can be formed when:

1. Star explosion (supernova)
2. The explosion of a nuclear bomb
3. The star inhabited a black hole
4. Gamma-ray therapy
5. The energy bubble in the center of the Milky Way galaxy
6. Radioactive materials

Benefits of Gamma rays

This gamma ray has many benefits for human life, from daily life to industry and medicine, the benefits of gamma rays include:

Killing Bacteria
Gamma rays are radiation that has high energy just like X-rays which with high energy can damage the cells of living things, therefore, it is no wonder if gamma rays can kill bacteria. That's why gamma rays can be used to:

1. Sterilize food and drink.
2. Sterilize your doctor's equipment prior to surgery.

Curing Tumors, Cancer And Other Disorders
Gamma rays can be used to kill cancer cells and tumors and other abnormalities because gamma rays can destroy these cells. This therapy is called gamma knife. Gamma knife is a method of gamma-ray therapy (radiosurgery) used for the treatment of tumors and other abnormalities in the brain without opening the skull bone. This gamma ray radiation is used to destroy diseased cells while keeping other healthy cells.

In gamma knife operations radiated as much as 200 radiation rays focused on the tumor or other targets of the light beam have a small impact on the brain cells it passes, but has a substantial dose of radiation at the target site where all of the emission-jets meet. Information Prof. Eka J. Wahjoepramono, MD, Ph.D. specialist of the neurosurgeon.

The accuracy of gamma knife surgery almost does not cause damage to cells that are the target irradiation and in some cases only cause few side effects compared to ordinary radiation treatments.

Other Benefits
Gamma rays are useful for:

1. Know the metal structure
2. Know the superior seeds
3. To make isotope radio

The danger of Gamma Rays

In addition to the above benefits, it turns out this gamma ray has a harmful effect on human life between Destructive Satellite And Atmospheric

Gamma rays that come from outer space can damage the satellite and this atmosphere occurs because of the very strong energy of gamma rays. Even so, we can breathe easier because according to the scientist's gamma burst is rare that is about 10 thousand to 1 million years. Last occurred in the 8th century.

Causing the Greatest Death In Nuclear War
In the explosion of a nuclear weapon, a lot of radioactive material is created. But gamma rays from a nuclear fallout are likely to cause the largest number of deaths in nuclear weapons use in a nuclear war. An effective fallout protection will reduce human burden 1000 times.

Gamma rays are less ionizing than alpha or beta rays. But reducing the danger to humans requires thicker protection. They produce damages similar to those caused by X-rays such as burning, cancer, and genetic mutations.

Thus the discussion of Gamma Rays Explanation With Benefits And Danger Hope that with these reviews can add insight and knowledge to you all.

Benefits of Lichen Plant for Human Life

Benefits of Lichen Plant for Human Life
When viewed at a glance, for most people lichen plants are regarded as plants that are not useful and often referred to as pests plants. But actually there are a lichen plant benefits, there is a substantial market that collects the lichen from the wild to be used as raw materials of a product, there is also a make lichen as a material for environmentally friendly building decoration and some even use lichen to be a delicious food such as "lichen soil" which is processed into cooking up.

Some lichen plants are also used for fuel, for example, lichen type "Sphagnum". In the mining area, these lichen plants (in dry conditions) are used as fuel for lighting equipment, so this lichen is very helpful in the work of miners. In addition, Sphagnum type cristatum and subnitens in dry conditions can also be used for a growth medium on horticultural crops, such as vegetables and fruits. In the medical world, lichen also has many benefits.

There are several types of lichen plants that can be used for health, for example, "Marchantia" lichen species that can be used as a cure for liver disease, most plants that live on the rocks also over time will cause weathering on rocks so that the stone is destroyed and become the ground.

The process of weathering rocks assisted by lichen plants caused by Rhizoid lichen that penetrates the surface of the rock, so the rock becomes brittle and crumbled and then form the soil and become a place to grow other plants, well this is the answer why the lichen is called a pioneer vegetation.Overall, living lichen plants in forest areas or above ground can prevent erosion, reduce flood risk, and can also be useful for soil water absorption so as to provide water during the dry season. Likewise with dead lichen plants can be used to add organic substances in the soil so that the soil becomes more fertile and other plants and grow on it.

Based on existing data, the lichen can be used as an ingredient for household ornaments, medicines, materials for science and as a biological indicator for environmental degradation. Some examples of such usable lichen are Calymperes, Campylopus, and Sphagnum (Glime & Saxena, 1991 in Tan, 2003). In addition to being an environmental indicator, the presence of lichens in tropical rainforest plays an important role in growing organisms such as insects and rainwater reservoirs (Gradstein, 2003).

Sphagnum is sometimes used as an alternative medium for hatching crocodile eggs by crocodile farmers in the Philippines. Even the reported use of dried lichen as fuel and materials for the construction of houses in hot areas but this cannot be applied in Southeast Asia (Pant & Tewari, 1989 in Tan, 2003).

Lichen plant is often also used for landscaping and greenhouses. Another thing that has been done with this lichen is to use it as a medicinal ingredient. Based on the results of research in China, more than 40 types of lichen have been used by the Chinese community as ingredients of medicines mainly to treat the itching and other diseases caused by bacteria and fungi (Ding, 1982 in Tan 2003).

Sphagnum lichen is also a major component of fuel, which is mined for fuel use, as a plantation crop, and barley sprouts dried on Scotch Whiskey production. Sphagnum, usually a type of cristatum and subnitens, is harvested while it is growing and dried in use in a child's room children and horticulture as a growth medium.

Lichen plant lives on the rocks over time will cause the stone destroyed into the ground because rhizoid can penetrate the surface of the rock. Next, it will gradually form new soil as a place to grow other crops, because this is the lichen referred to as pioneer vegetation.

Lichen living in forests or above ground can prevent erosion, reduce flood hazards, and be able to absorb water to provide water during the dry season. Dead lichen can be utilized to bend organic substances in the soil so that the soil will become fertile and suitable for other plants.

Marchantia polymorpha to treat hepatitis, Sphagnum as a pad or substitute of a pass, if Spagnum added to the soil can absorb water and keep soil moisture. Lichen plants that have been known to benefit as drugs divided into two groups namely lichen liver and leaf lichen. Some of the lichen plants include:

1. Marchantia polymorpha is also known as lichen liver, it can be used as a hepatitis drug, eliminating toxins due to snake bites.
2. Conocephalum conicum, also including liverwort, serves as antibacterial, antifungal, treats burns and external wounds.
3. Frullania tamarisci is a liver of liver that can be used as an antiseptic drug.
4. Fissidens japonicum, a leaf lichen, can be used to help hair growth.
5. Rhodobryum giganteum, a type of leaf lichen that can treat high blood pressure and as a sedative or anesthetic.
6. Ciconeuron filicinum, including leaf lichen containing compounds to treat heart disease.
7. Haplocladium catillatum, a leaf lichen, is useful for treating pneumonia.

The role of lichen plant is as a producer in the ecosystem.

1. Sphagnum has the ability to turn waters into the land.
2. Sphagnum many also used as a substitute for cotton.
3. The dried Sphagnum waste is called peat, it can be used as fuel, as a mixture for loosening clay structures, as humus for the less powerful sandy soil that binds water, as the ingredients of paraffin and ammonia.
4. Lichen as a pioneer vegetation.
5. Lichen plants are instrumental in absorbing and retaining rainwater in forest areas.

Definition of Biotechnology, Its Benefits and Examples

Definition of Biotechnology, Its Benefits, and Examples
Summary of definitions of biotechnology and examples is complemented. Anyone know, what is Biotechnology? For those of you who do not know it, then in this discussion, we will give the material about biotechnology that you can read below:

Definition of Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a method that involves living things or living organisms to produce new products that can be beneficial to humans. Or it can be said also biotechnology is a branch of science that learn how to use living organisms in the production process to produce goods or services that are beneficial to humans.

Biotechnology comes from two words namely the word Bio and the word Technology. The word Bio can mean life while the word Technology is defined as a scientific method that is used to achieve the goal practically. Today Biotechnology is not only based on biology but from a wide range of applied sciences as well, such as from biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, microbiology, computers, and others. Can also be defined biotechnology is applied science that combines various branches of science in processing goods or services that can be beneficial to humans.

The main features of biotechnology, including There, are biological objects such as microorganisms, plants and animals, the use of technology and in the industry and products or services produced is the result of extraction and purification.

Benefits of biotechnology

Biotechnology has many benefits for human life, what's more nowadays biotechnology is growing. Tools to help the development of biotechnology-even more and more one example is a microscope used to see small invisible organisms. Benefits from biotechnology for example:

1. Can produce medicine
Biotechnology can produce cheaper and more effective drugs such as the production of insulin hormones derived from the E. coli bacterial gene.

2. Produce antibiotics
Can produce antibiotics to kill various dangerous diseases. At this time have a lot of antibiotics contained in pharmacies that are cheap and effective for treatment.

3. Can reduce environmental pollution
Biotechnology can also help reduce pollution, for example, there are some bacteria that can help recycling to destroy organic waste and also clean up the oil spills scattered in the sea.

4. Can increase agricultural production from GMO crops
Transgenic plants have good enough resistance to various extreme environmental conditions and not easily attacked by pests.

See also an explanation: Understanding science and technology or complete science and technology.

The negative impact of biotechnology

However, biotechnology also has a negative side, this negative impact is dangerous, especially for people who do not understand the environment. There are rules or ethics that need to be done in developing biotechnology products. The following are generally negative impacts of biotechnology, including:

1. The destruction of ecosystems
Can reduce the number of plant species that exist in nature due to excessive genetic engineering technology.

2. Loss of certain types of animals and plants
If excessive engineering of genetic technology, then the animals and plants with less good quality or natural qualities will experience extinction.

3. May cause allergies
Not everyone matches the foreign gene that is inserted into his body. So be careful when going to consume products produced by biotechnology.

4. The occurrence of biological pollution
This is due to an uncontrolled spread of transgenic organisms.

Types of Biotechnology

1. Conventional or Traditional Biotechnology
What is meant by conventional biotechnology is the way of applying biotechnology science by utilizing live organisms directly to change the nutrient content contained in a product. This type of biotechnology is often done in homes because the process to do it is quite easy and the materials it needs-are easy to get. As for some examples of conventional biotechnology, such as:

2. Processing of food products 
Conventional biotechnology is a biotechnology that uses micro-organisms to perform production especially in foods such as tempeh, tape, soy sauce etc. Microorganisms can convert food ingredients or others into better and more useful foodstuffs.

3. Food products in biotechnology
That is assisted by microorganisms such as fermentation process in soybeans, which can be converted into tempeh, soy sauce, tape and others including milk that is converted into cheese and yogurt. Processes such as biotechnology are called conventional/traditional biotechnology because they are considered as biotechnology that has existed since time immemorial. The main characteristic in conventional biotechnology is the use of microorganisms directly and not yet know the use of enzymes. A clearer example, such as:

In Milk Processing:

a. Yogurt
In making yogurt first milk pasteurized, then some fat is thrown away. And the type of microorganisms that play a role in the manufacture of yogurt name is lactobacillus bulgaricus and also streptococcus thermophilus.

b. Cheese
Making cheese using lactic acid bacteria, the type of microorganisms are Lactobacillus and also Streptococcus. Bacteria or microorganisms function to ferment lactose in milk to lactic acid.

c. Butter
In making butter using the type of microorganisms are Streptococcus lactis and Lectonosto ceremonies. These microorganisms will form the acidification process. Then the milk is given a certain flavor and butterfat is separated.

On Peanut:

a. Soy sauce and taco
The soy sauce is made from soybeans added to a microorganism/fungus called Aspergillus soya and Aspergillus fumigatus. While in fermented soybean paste made from soybeans added microorganisms named Aspergillus oryzae, these microorganisms will convert the complex protein in soybeans into amino acids that can be easily digested by the human body.

b. Tape and oncom
In making the tape is done by using fermented soybean microorganism Rhizopus sp. Which can convert complex proteins in soybeans into amino acids? While oncom made by fermentation of peanut cake using a microorganism called Rhizopus oligosporus.

Agricultural biotechnology

1. Planting plants hydroponically
Usually, humans plant crops using soil media but in hydroponics do not use the soil as a medium, it takes water added with nutrients as a source of food for the crops grown. Can be said in planting plants with hydroponics method one proof that the land is not always the main media in the cultivation.

Hydroponics can be done with a variety of methods, it depends on what medium is used. Some methods are done in planting the plant hydroponics such as using sand culture, water culture, to use media such as gravel, broken bricks or called a porous method.

Several types of plants are grown using hydroponic methods of vegetables such as tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, mustard greens, kale, lettuce, spinach and others. While in fruit plants such as water guava, starfruit, melon, and others. As for some advantages if planting with hydroponic methods, including:

a. Plants can be cultivated in various places.
b. Reduce the risk of damaged plants.
c. Reduce the risk of water shortage crops.
d. Avoid erosion.
e. It does not require a lot of land or space.
f. Plants grow faster.
g. Can be free from pests.
h. Maintenance costs are quite low enough.
j. Harvested yields have good quality.

2. Planting aerobically
The aerobic method is one type of hydroponics. Water containing nutrients ejected that resemble fog will affect the roots of the plant. The roots of planted plants hang and will absorb the nutrient solution contained in sprayed water. Generally planting aerobic strand styrofoam given planting holes that are about 15 centimeters.

Then using a wedge made of foam or Rockwool, the vegetable seed is plugged into the hole for the plant. Then the roots of the plants will hang or decompose to the bottom, under the strands of styrofoam, there is a sprinkler or sprinkler that will spray the mist which contains nutrients so that the roots of plants.

Modern Biotechnology

Due to the increasing development of technology and science, many experts are developing biotechnology by utilizing scientific principles through various researchers and also efforts to produce products more effectively and efficiently which can benefit human beings. Biotechnology is not only used in food products but now biotechnology has covered various fields such as genetic engineering, the creation of new energy sources and others.

With the existence of research and the development of technology, the biotechnology more dug again the benefits to be used by humans and other purposes. It can also be said that modern biotechnology is a type of biotechnology that uses modern tools that are small and very difficult to do in homes. Examples of modern biotechnology applications, for example:

1. Genetical manipulation
Genetic engineering is a way of manipulating Genes to produce new living beings with desirable qualities. Genetic engineering is usually referred to as DNA recombination / Gen. Transplantation. In genetic engineering, DNA is used to combine the properties of living things, because the DNA of every living being has the same structure, which is why DNA can be recombined. Then the DNA will regulate the properties of living things from generation to generation. To transform cell DNA that can be done through various ways eg by means of nuclear transplantation, plasmid technology, DNA recombination and cell fusion. But only experts can do it.

2. Make Antibiotics
Antibiotics are a substance produced by certain organisms and have a function to inhibit the growth of other organisms contained in the vicinity. Antibiotics can be obtained from microorganisms that have been in the process of using certain ways.

3. In the manufacture of Vaccines
Vaccines can be used to prevent the body from attacking viruses or harmful microorganisms.

4. Making hormones
With DNA engineering, which has used microorganisms to produce hormones. The hormones that have been successful in production such as growth hormone, insulin, cortisone, and testosterone.

5. Livestock biotechnology
Biotechnology can be useful for developing various products on farms. For example like hormones for the growth of livestock. With genetic engineering can create artificial hormones for animal growth or called Bovine Somatotropin Hormone. Hormones are made from bacteria/microorganisms that have been in engineering.

6. Future fuel biotechnology
Alternative fuels of the future to replace oils such as biogas and gasohol. Biogas is made of anaerobic phase in the fermentation of living things, while in anaerobic methane gas will be produced that can be used for fuel.

Biogas can be an alternative energy for petroleum substitutes, biogas is produced through the fermentation of livestock manure and other organic materials. Through this fermentation process, the materials are converted into methane gas that can function as energy similar to LPG gas, but more environmentally friendly and safe enough. Read also: Understanding biogas and biodiesel equipped benefits.

7. Biotechnology waste treatment
Disposable and unused materials are called waste. Usually, waste is generated from activities, households, agriculture, and industry. Currently, the presence of waste is very threatening to the environment, so there must be efforts to handle it. How to handle it for example by way of burning or in recycling. But safer is by recycling, and one example of recycled waste has been tested such as Pyrolysis.

Pyrolysis is the process of decomposition of waste materials by using high temperatures in conditions without oxygen. By using this method the waste or waste can be converted into charcoal, methane gas and other organic materials. The results of these materials can be used as fuel. The fuel superiority resulting from this process is the low sulfur content so it can reduce the level of pollution.

While the compost is a result of changes of macro organic substances such as from animals and plants. Biologically and chemically altered by the use of microorganisms. In composting requires microorganisms. The types of microorganisms depend on the organic materials used and the processes that take place, such as aerobic/anaerobic processes.

So the explanation about the understanding of biotechnology that we can provide. Actually, biotechnology has been done by humans since time immemorial, but it is only now realized that humans have for years / since long ago using microorganisms to make food such as tempeh and oncom. So and hopefully this discussion can be useful.