Understanding, Function, Types, Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

Understanding, Function, Types, Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue | Epithelial tissue consists of several kinds of types, functions, features of epithelial tissue. First of all, let's start with Understanding Epitel Tissue.

What Is The Epithelial Tissue?

The epithelial tissue is the tissue that lines the surface of the body, both internal and external surfaces. Epithelial tissue is divided into three namely epithelium, endothelium, and mesothelium. Epithelial tissue is the epithelial tissue that lines the outer surface of the body. The endothelium is a tissue that limits internal organs. While mesothelium is the epithelial tissue that limits the cavity.

Epithelial tissue is unicellular and multicellular arranged compact and has no intercellular space. There are many functions of the epithelial tissue, but the primary function of epithelial tissue is as a protective coating that protects the underlying tissue. The location of epithelial tissue is located along the digestive system which aids in the absorption of nutrients the body needs from the digestive process. secretion of enzymes and hormones and the excretion of byproducts that do not chill like in the kidneys and sweat glands. In the lung region, the epithelial layer helps to spread oxygen in all parts of the body and that of the eyes, nose, and tongue is to increase sensitivity.

The function of Epithelial Tissue  

Apart from the main function, there is also a special function of epithelial tissue based on each location of the epithelial tissue. The special function of epithelial tissue is as follows.

1. For protection, epithelial cells in the skin function to protect the underlying tissue from mechanical tissue, chemicals, bacteria entering and from excessive or excessive water loss.
2. As an Impulse Receiver, special epithelial cells are penetrated from sensory stimuli where epithelial cells have sensory nerve endings located on the ears, skin, tongue, and nose.
3. As an Absorption Tool, epithelial cells that line the small intestine absorb nutrients from the digestion of food.
4. As a Secretion Tool, In the gland, special epithelial tissue to remove certain chemicals such as hormones, lubricants, and enzymes.
5. As a Filtration or Filtration Tool, the ciliated epithelium assists in removing dust and foreign matter particles from the airways.
6. As an Excretory Tool, the epithelial tissue of the kidneys excrete the waste products from the body and absorbs the necessary material from the urine. Sweat is also excreted from the body by epithelial cells in the sweat glands.
7. Reduces Friction, smooth, tightly linked epithelial cells that coat the entire circulatory system reduces friction between blood and blood vessel walls.
8. As a Diffusion Tool, simple epithelium increases the diffusion of gases, liquids, and nutrients. Because they form a thin layer, they are ideal for gas diffusions such as in capillary and lung walls.

Types of Epithelial Tissue and Their Functions 

The epithelial tissue was grouped into two types of constituent cell layers. the epithelial tissue cell constituent network is a single-epithelial epithelial and epithelial tissue.

1. Types of Layer Epithelial Tissue (Simple epithelium)
Flat-layer epithelium, flat epithelial layer serves as a pathway in the exchange of substances from the outside into the body and vice versa. For example, the epithelium is present in the lymph vessels, Browman capsules, peritoneum builders, alveolus, and blood vessels.

Cuboid epithelial layer, The function of cuboid epithelial tissue layer is as a means of secretion and protection. Examples of cuboid epithelial layers are the surface of the ovaries, thyroid gland, kidney nephron channel and retina of the eye.

Epithelial Cylindrical Epithelium, Cylindrical epithelial cells exist that have cilia on their surface areas, such as the oviduct. Examples of epithelial cylindrical coatings are the gallbladder, stomach, upper respiratory tract, and intestinal jot.

Ciliated Trunk Epithelium, Epicentral stem epic is located on the nasal cavity wall. The function of ciliated trunks is as a producer of mucus (mucus) to capture incoming foreign bodies, with the cilia vibrating away the incoming foreign object attached to the mucus. The epithelial ciliated epithelium is located in the trachea.

2. Types of Layered Epithelial Tissue (Stratified epithelium)
Plated epithelial epithelium, epithelial tissue in the vertebrate skin epidermis.
Layered cuboid epithelium, epithelial tissue rarely present in the body. The layered cuboid epithelium is present only in large tracts of several glands. The layered cuboid epithelium is present in the salivary glands, contributing to excretion, mammary glands, and esophageal base.
Layered cylindrical epithelium, epithelial tissue rarely found and consisting of two layers. The function of layered epithelial tissue is to place adsorption, excretion, as a protective movement of substances over the surface and as a channel of excretion of salivary glands and mammary glands. For example, the epithelium of the palpebral conjunctiva.
Transitional epithelial, epithelial tissue that is shapely altered. Transitional epithelium is present in the ureters and kidneys

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 

The characteristics and properties of epithelial tissue are as follows.

a. Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

• Can be found all over the body
• Shaped flat, stem and cube
• The shape of the constituent cells varies depending on the function and location
• There is no material between the constituent cells
• In closing and glands
• Composed cell and molecular extracellular in the form of a matrix that is used to bind the tissue with the bottom
• Has a surface unrelated to other tissues, while on the other surface corresponds to the lower membrane.
• Some types of epithelium indicate a specialization that is a network bulge to expand the surface, move foreign particles or for movement

b. Properties of Epithelial Tissue

• Consists of a layer or several layers of cells
• Has regeneration properties (regrowth)
• Generally equipped with microvilli, flagella, and stereocilia.
• The shape of the constituent cells varies depending on the function and its location within the body
• There is lamina basal, lamina basalis is an extracellular structure in the form of a sheet by binding the network under it.

Thus information Definition, Function, Types, Characteristics of Epitel Networks. Hopefully, friends can receive and benefit us all whether it is the epithelial tissue, the function of epithelial tissue, the types of epithelial tissue, and the characteristics of the epithelial tissue.

Cells: Definition, Structure, Function, Part

Cell Definition

Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of living organisms in the organizational level of life. The word cell comes from the Greek word "Cellula" or "cella" which means empty space. The body of the organism consists of the organ system, organ system composed of organs, organs formed by tissues, and tissues formed from cells. The point is that every living thing has a cell that is the basic constituent of their body. Cells organize and process all the information so that it can perform the function of life in living things.

From the definition of the cell above, then the virus (often modified including living things or not) is not included in living things. Why? Because the virus is aseluler that has no cells. Based on the number of cells, living things composed of many cells are called multicellular organisms, while living things composed of a single cell are called unicellular organisms.

Function Cell

As we have explained above that the cell is the regulator and controller of all activities of the body of living things, both conscious and unconscious. This function is run not only by one cell, but a group of cells that make up the network, then the network with the same purpose will form the organ, then some organs form the organ system, and organ systems form living things (organisms). Robert Hooke was the first scientist to observe cells by accident, he observed the oak cell from the oak plant under a microscope and then found empty hollows like a honeycomb, which was then called a cell. In general, the cell function which also becomes the cell theory is as follows:

1. Cells as a functional unit of the body (The theory proposed by Max schultze)
2. Cells as structural units of the body (Theories proposed by Mathias Jacob Schleiden and Theodor Schwaan)
3. Cells as a unit of growth and development of living things (Rudolf Virchow)
4. Cells as a unitary heredity (inheritance of nature) that can degrade its nature to offspring (The theory was introduced by Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri)

CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL PARTS

In general, the cell consists of 3 main parts, namely cell membrane, cytoplasm, and the cell nucleus. Cells also have solid components in the cytoplasm called organelles of cells. Organelles - cell organelles have their own functions. Here is an explanation of the Cells.

1. Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane
A cell membrane is a thin membrane that is the outermost part of the cell, the cell membrane is also often called plasmalemma. The cell membrane is the part that governs the relationship between the components of the cell and the external environment of the cell. Cell membrane consists of lipid (fat) in the form of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates with different compositions depending on the type of cell. As the name implies, phospholipids (fatty compounds) are composed of hydrophilic phosphates (like water) and hydrophobic lipids (fear of water).

Cell membranes are composed of each paired phospholipid (fat) so it is also called lipid bilayer. Proteins belonging to the cell membrane are the protein of the province (peripheral) and intrinsic (integral) proteins. The extrauterine protein (peripheral) is a protein attached to the outer layer of the membrane, whereas the intrinsic protein (integral) is a protein that penetrates the membrane. The bond between the phospholipids and the extrinsic protein will form a membrane called lipoprotein. Cell membranes can have semipermeable properties that are easily passed by various components, can also be selectively permeable which means can only be passed by certain ions only.

Some cell membrane functions include the following:

a. Protect and wrap cell contents.
b. Separate and control the inner cell relationships with outer environments.
c. Regulate the exchange (transport) of substances from within the cell exit or vice versa.
d. Place of a chemical reaction.

2. Cytoplasm (Cell Liquids)
The cytoplasm or cell fluid is the matrix present in the cell membrane other than the cell nucleus (nucleus). The main constituent of the cytoplasm is water that acts as a solvent and the site of chemical reactions. The cytoplasmic matrix is a colloidal (liquid) cytosol (a mixture of two homogeneous substances). The cytoplasmic matrix may change from the gel phase (semisolid) to the sol (liquid) phase. The cytoplasmic matrix has irritability (sensitivity to stimuli) and conductivity (capable of moving or continuing stimulation).

Some cell cytoplasm functions include the following:

a. The site of chemical reactions and metabolism.
b. As a place to maintain the function of cell life.
c. Keeping things inside the cell.
d. Set the transport of substances inside the cell.
e. Energy formation.
f. The place controls the movement of the cell.

These functions are performed by the cell organelles. As we explained earlier that in the cytoplasm there are solid components called cell organelles that have their own specific functions. Cell function is to support the life of the cell.

Some Organel cells include:

a. Mitochondria serve to produce energy.
b. Lysosomes serves to digest in cells.
c. The ribosome, serves as a place of protein synthesis.
d. Endoplasmic Reticulum, serves to Transport various substances in the cell.
e. The Golgi body serves for protein synthesis and associated with the work of ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum.
f. Microtubules, protect and keep the cell shape.
g. Microfilaments, play a role in the process of cell movement.
h. Chloroplast, serves as a site for photosynthesis in plants.
i. Centrosome (Sentriol), as a place of cell division.
j. and others.

3. Cell Core (Nucleus)
The cell nucleus is a part that is generally round or oval and is often located in the center of the cell or on the edge of the cell. The nucleus is the most important part of cell life. The nucleus has a central function as the controlling center of all cell activity. The cell nucleus is protected by a wall resembling a cell membrane. This protective structure is called the core membrane.

There are several parts of the nucleus, namely:

a. Nucleolus (Core Boy)
The nucleolus is a round structure composed of filaments and component granules. The core child contains RNA, DNA and several proteins that function in ribosome assembly.

In general, the function of the nucleus (cell nucleus) is as follows:

a.1. As a regulator and control center of all cell activities.
a.2. The storage of genetic information for the organism.
a.3. Start and end an action performed by the cell.
a.4. The place of occurrence of a part of the process of cell division.


b. Nucleoplasm (Core Liquid)
Nucleoplasm is a thick liquid resembling jelly containing proteins, ions, enzymes and other components. Nucleoplasms have complex structures and functions because of their many components.

c. Chromatin
Chromatin is a string of fine yarns found in the cell nucleus. Chromatin contains DNA, the substance that stores all the genetic information of a living thing. When the cell division occurs, chromatin will shorten, thicken, and circle to form a chromosome.

Standard Deviation - Definition and Function (Full article)

In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure used to measure the amount of variation or distribution of a certain amount of data values.

The lower the standard deviation, the closer to the average, whereas if the standard deviation value is higher then the width of the range of data variations. So the standard deviation is a big difference from the sample value to the average.

Standard deviation is also called standard deviation and symbolized by the Greek alphabet sigma σ or Latin letter s.

The standard deviation also expresses sample diversity and can be used to obtain data from a population. For example, when we want to know the value obtained by students in a district with a population of 50,000 students, then sampled 5,000 people. From the results of research, samples obtained data with a certain standard deviation. The larger the standard deviation, the greater the sample diversity.

5 Standard Deviation Function

Standard deviation is a measure used to measure the amount of variation or distribution of a set of data values. The low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean, whereas the high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread over a wider range of values. Standard deviation is also called standard deviation and symbolized by the Greek alphabet sigma (σ) or Latin letter s. Here are some standard deviation functions. Immediately we see the first:

1. To know the difference between the sample value to the average.
2. To express the sample diversity.
3. To help get data from a population.
4. Measures the level of confidence in statistical inference.
5. To measure the volatility of investment with standard deviation return on investment.

Main Function of Apical Meristem

The Main Function of the Apical Meristem - The apical meristem is the tip of the plant, and is an undifferentiated meristematic tissue located at the tip of the bud and or at the root of the plant. The main function of the apical meristem is to initiate the growth of new cells at the tip of the shoot and root tip of the plant. Compared to lateral meristems that are more cylindrical, smaller apical meristems.

The apical meristem consists of several layers, the number of layers depending on the type of plant. The tunica layer is the outermost layer and the innermost layer is called the corpus. The monocotyl tunica determines the physical characteristics of the margins and leaf edges, whereas the corpus layer can distinguish the leaf margin characteristics of dikotil plants. Tunica and the corpus play a major role in the physical appearance of plants as every single plant cell is formed from meristems.

Location of Apical Meristem

The apical meristem is located in two locations, namely on the stem and root. Although there are some northern polar plants that have apical meristems in the middle or bottom of plants, such meristems only evolve because they are favorable under certain Arctic conditions.

There are two main types of apical meristems, namely: apical meristem shoot and root apical meristem.

Main Function of Apical Meristem

Apical meristem Is a network that is located at the tip of the root and the end of the stem that serves to form and produce apical buds and apical buds will form new tissues such as roots, branches, and leaves.

The cells found in the apical meristem function as stem cells in the peripheral and surrounding areas, where they multiply rapidly and will turn into primordial leaves or differentiating flowers. This is essentially a place where embryogenesis in flowering plants takes place. Primordial petals, sepals, leaves are ovaries and stamens begin at this site at level one in each time interval, known as plastochron. Information about meristem identity genes.

The apical meristem of the roots produces cells in two different dimensions; They are covered by a root cap for protection against pathogens, grime, and stones. A stationary center lies at the center of the root apical meristem that has low mitotic activity. Newly formed cells in this region are formed in primary root embryos which will give rise to secondary roots.

Structure and Function of Ribosome

Structure and Function of Ribosome
The ribosome is like a small factory in a cell. They make proteins that perform all sorts of functions for cell operations. The main task of the ribosome is to make proteins for cells. There are hundreds of proteins that need to be made for cells, so ribosomes need specific instructions on how to make each protein. Where is the ribosome in the cell?

The ribosome lies well in the fluid inside the cell called the cytoplasm or attached to the membrane. They can be found both in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (animals and plants) cells.

Organel
The ribosome is a type of organelle. Organelles are structures that perform specific functions for the cell. The work of ribosomes is to make proteins. Other organelles include the nucleus and mitochondria.

The structure of the ribosome
Ribosomes have two main components called large subunits and small subunits. Both units come together when the ribosome is ready to make a new protein. Both subunits consist of a strand of RNA and a variety of proteins.

1. Large subunits - large subunits contain the locations where new bonds are made when making proteins. It is called "60S" in eukaryotic cells and "50S" in prokaryotic cells.
2. Small Subunit - Small subunits are actually not very small, only slightly smaller than large subunits. It is responsible for the flow of information during protein synthesis. It is called "40S" in eukaryotic cells and "50S" in prokaryotic cells.
3. The letter "S" in the name of the subunit is the unit of measure and abbreviation of the Svedberg unit.

Protein synthesis
The main task of the ribosome is to make proteins for cells. There are hundreds of proteins that need to be made for cells, so ribosomes need specific instructions on how to make each protein. This instruction comes from the nucleus in the form of RNA. Messenger RNA contains special codes that act like recipes to tell the ribosome how to make proteins.

There are two main steps in making proteins: transcription and translation. Ribosomes perform translational steps. How the protein synthesis process will be described in a separate article.

Translation
Translation is the process of taking instructions from messenger RNAs and converting them into proteins. Here are the steps ribosomes needed to make protein:

1. Both subunits join together with messenger RNA.
2. The ribosome finds the correct place starter on the RNA called the codon.
3. The ribosome moves down the RNA, reading the instructions about what amino acids to embed the protein. Every three letters on RNA is a new amino acid.
4. Ribosomes stick to amino acids build proteins.
5. Stop building the protein when it reaches the "stop" code in this RNA saying that the protein is ready.

The function of the Ribosome for the cell
Inside the cell, the ribosome is in two cytoplasmic regions. Some ribosomes are found scattered in the cytoplasm (referred to as free ribosomes), while others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes bound). Thus, the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum when bound to a ribosome is called a rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Both free ribosomes and bound ribosomes have the same structure and are responsible for protein production.

Talking about the main function of the ribosome, they play a role in the assembly of amino acids to form a particular protein, which in turn is essential for carrying out cell activities. As we know about protein production, the first deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) produces RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) by DNA transcription process, after which the genetic message of mRNA is translated into protein during DNA translation.

To be more precise about protein synthesis by ribosomes, the sequence for the assembly of amino acids during protein synthesis is determined in mRNA. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus then transported to the cytoplasm to further perform protein synthesis. In the cytoplasm, two ribosomal subunits bind around the mRNA polymer and the proteins are synthesized with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA), according to the genetic code. This whole process of protein synthesis is also referred to as the central dogma.

Typically, proteins are synthesized by free ribosomes used in the cytoplasm itself, while protein molecules produced by bound ribosomes are transported outside the cell. Given the primary function of ribosomal proteins in the building, it is understandable that cells can not function without ribosomes.

Interesting Facts about the Ribosome
1. The word "rib" on the ribosome comes from ribonucleic acid (RNA) which provides instructions for making proteins.
2. They are made in the nucleoli nucleus. Once they are ready they will be sent outside the core through the pores on the nuclear membrane.
3. Ribosome are different from most organelles because they are not surrounded by protective membranes.
4. The Ribosome was discovered in 1974 by Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, and George Emil Palade. They won the Nobel Prize for their discovery.

Mentoring and Counseling Service, Definitions, Purposes, Functions and Types of Mentoring and Counseling Service

MENTORING AND COUNSELING SERVICES, DEFINITIONS, PURPOSES, FUNCTIONS, AND TYPES OF MENTORING AND COUNSELING SERVICES
Understanding Guidance and Counseling Services - Service is a service that has the meaning of helping to prepare (take care of) what one needs; serve, receive (welcome) invitations (challenges, attacks, etc.). Service about or how to serve, serve. While the definition of Guidance is to show, give way, or lead. others toward a goal that is beneficial to his life in the present, and the future.

The guidance is defined as follows: showing the way (showing the way); leading (leading); guide (conducting); give instructions (giving instruction); regulating; directing (governing); give advice (giving advice).

However, this does not mean that all forms of assistance or demands are Guidance. The guidance contained in an institute is a moral Guidance, in which a teacher can motivate his students to be more enthusiastic about learning. Not material. For example, if there are students who have not paid then he came to the teacher and the teacher gave the student money, of course, this assistance is not a form of assistance that is meant with the understanding of Guidance. The term guiding terminology, according to Crow & Crow (1960), quoted by Prayitno and Erman Amti Bimbingan is defined as,. Assistance provided by a person, male or female, who has adequate and well-trained personalities to the individuals every age in helping him organize his own life, developing his own view of life, making his own decisions and carrying his own load.

From the above definition can be concluded that the Guidance is a process of continuous provision of assistance from a mentor who has been prepared to individuals in need in order to develop all the potential possessed optimally by using various media and techniques Guidance in the atmosphere of normative care in order to achieve independence so that individuals benefit both for themselves and for the environment.

Understanding Counseling

Etymologically, the term Counseling is derived from the Latin, ie .consilium. which means .with. or. together. which is strung together. or understand. While in Anglo-Saxon, the term Counseling comes from .sellan. which means submitting. or while conveying .. While dealing with W.S Winkel etymologically Counseling comes from English, Counseling which is associated with the word Counsel, defined as follows: counsel (to obtain counsel); advice (to give counsel); talk (to take counsel).

Counseling in terminology according to Mortensen (1964: 301) quoted H. Mohammad Surya is,. Counseling as an interpersonal process, in which one person is assisted by one other person to improve understanding and skills, find the problem .. Counseling is characterized by a professional relationship between trained counselors and clients. This relationship is usually done individually, although it sometimes involves more than two people. It is designed to help clients understand and clarify their views on the scope of life and to learn to achieve its goals.

Who quotes from Pepinsky and Pepinsky (1954), Counseling is an interactional process: (a). occurs between two individuals who are called counselors and clients, (b). occurs in a personal (professional) situation, (c). created and nurtured as one way to facilitate the occurrence of changes in client behavior, so he obtained a decision that satisfies his needs.

If viewed from the opinions of experts described above, appear to complement each other. So from the above explanation can be concluded that Counseling is a process of assistance provided by the counselor to the client so that clients can understand and direct his life in accordance with its purpose.

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Counseling Guidance Relationships

The word Guidance and Counseling is a word that can not be separated because it is interrelated, but there is also the opinion that Guidance and Counseling is a different word. According to Hallen, the term Guidance is always coupled with the term Counseling. This is because Guidance and Counseling is an integral activity. Counseling is one of the techniques in the Guidance service among several other techniques.

While the Guidance is wider, and Counseling is the most important tool for service business Guidance. The same opinion is also explained by Nana Syaodih Sukmadinata explaining that, Counseling is one of service technique in Guidance, but because of its very important role, Counseling Aligned with Guidance. Counseling is a therapeutic Guidance technique because the target is not a change of behavior, but the more fundamental thing, that is an attitude change. Thus indeed Counseling is an attempt to change one's lifestyle. To change one's lifestyle cannot be only with informative guidance techniques, but it needs therapeutic or healing techniques.

While the opinion that between Guidance and Counseling are two different understandings, because Counseling is more identical with psychotherapy, which is an attempt to help and work on individuals who experience difficulty and serious psychological disorders. While the Guidance by this view is considered synonymous with education.

From the above information can be concluded that between Guidance and Counseling has a close relationship in which between the two complement each other in helping clients or others in solving a problem and change one's lifestyle. Changing the wrong lifestyle becomes true, the negative lifestyle becomes positive. So the client can direct the life according to its purpose. Because the task of a counselor or counselor is to provide good direction to the guided.

Goals and Functions of Guidance and Counseling

1. Goal Guidance and Counseling
In an activity be it formal or nonformal there will be a purpose. So also with Guidance and Counseling. The purpose of Guidance and Counseling are: According to Tohirin, the purpose of Guidance and Counseling is: to gain a better understanding of the client's self, directing the client in accordance with its potential, able to solve their own problems faced by the client, can adjust themselves more effectively both against himself and his environment to gain happiness in his life.

The purpose of Guidance and Counseling by Hallen is:
a. Guidance in order to find a person meant that learners recognize their own strengths and weaknesses.
b. Guidance, in order to recognize the environment, is intended for participants to know the environment objectively, both social and economic.
c. Guidance, in order to plan for the future, is intended so that learners can consider and make decisions about their future, whether education, career or cultural field, family and society.

Guidance and Counseling has a purpose that consists of general goals and special goals.

Common Goals Guidance and Counseling helps individuals to achieve optimum development according to their talents, abilities, interests, and values, as well as fragmentation of problems faced by the individual (client). Including general purpose Guidance and Counseling is to help the individual to be independent with the characteristics of being able to understand and accept himself and his environment, make realistic decisions and plans, direct himself with his decisions and plans and ultimately manifest himself.

The specific objectives of Counseling and Counseling are directly related to the client's developmental direction and the problems at hand. The special purpose is an elaboration of general goals that are linked to the problems of the client, both concerning development and life.

From the opinion of experts, it is clear that the purpose of Guidance and Counseling all leads to learners so that learners better understand themselves both from the shortcomings and the advantages. And also, help learners to dare to take their own good decisions (according to talents, abilities, and interests) for himself.

2. Guidance and Counseling Function
Guidance and Counseling function according to Syamsu Yusuf and A.Juntika Nurihsan are:

a. Understanding, which helps learners to have an understanding of himself (potential) and the environment (education, work, and religious norms).
b. Preventive (prevention), the counselor's effort to always anticipate the various problems that may occur and trying to prevent it, so as not experienced by learners.
c. Development, the counselor always strives to create a conducive learning environment.
d. Improvement (healing), which is a Curative Guidance function. This function is closely related to providing assistance to students who have experienced problems.
e.Channeling, the Guidance function in helping individuals choose extracurricular activities, majors that match the interests, talents of students.
f. Adjustment, which is a Guidance function in helping individuals (students) to adapt dynamically and constructively to educational programs, school rules, or religious norms.

From the above explanation can be concluded that the function of Guidance and Counseling in addition as an understanding for himself (learners) and the environment, the function of Guidance and Counseling as well as a healer (improvement) for learners who have difficulty when getting a problem that is difficult to solve which causes learners to be pessimistic and inferior.

Principles of Guidance and Counseling

In providing tutoring teachers should consider some of the principles of them are:

The principles of Guidance and Counseling are:

a. Tutoring is given to all students. All students are either smart, fair, or poor.
b. Before giving help, the teacher must first try to understand the difficulties faced by the students.
c. Tutoring provided by the teacher should be tailored to the problems and factors that lie behind it.
d. Tutoring should use varied techniques.
e. In providing tutoring, teachers should work with other school staff.

While in Kartini Kartono's book, the principle of Guidance and Counseling is that everyone is valuable, an important principle, learners also have the potential and right to gain success in their lives.

He should be helped so that his potential becomes a reality. The opinions of Kartini and Kartono are also similar to M. Arifin's opinion which explains that every individual has nature (basic ability) that can develop well when given the opportunity. For that through good Guidance.

From the above opinion, the author agrees with the opinion of Kartini Kartono, who explains that everyone is valuable, in the presence of such principles, then learners feel that they are valued by others. So that learners will be more excited (optimistic) in facing problems both at school and outside a school. In addition, the learner will also assume that he is not discriminated from other students because he has the opinion that he has advantages over others.

Guidance and Counseling Techniques

In general, the techniques used in Guidance take two approaches, namely group approach and individual counseling.

1. Group guidance
Techniques used in helping students or groups of students solve problems through group activities. Some special forms of techniques Group guidance are homeroom program, field trip, group discussion, group activities, student organization, sociodrama.

2. Individual Counseling
In this technique, the provision of assistance is done with a relationship that is face to face relationship (a relationship of four eyes), which is carried out by an interview between counselor with counsel. Problems solved through this counseling technique are personal issues.

Some of the guidance and counseling approach, namely:

1. Directive Approach.
2. Non-Directive Approach.

Briefly, both approach Guidance and Counseling can be explained as follows:

1. Directive Approach.
This approach is also known as Counselor-Centered Guidance. This trait indicates that the counselor plays a major role in the interaction process of Guidance services. The advisor is trying to find and find problems experienced by his client.

2. Non-Directive Approach
This approach is also known as a Client-Centered Guidance service. Nature shows that the guided party is given a major role in the field of interaction of Guidance services. Characteristics of non-directive relationships:

a. This non-directive relationship puts the client in a central position, the active client to disclose and solve problems.
b. Counselors act only as drivers and creators of situations that enable clients to grow on their own.

Types of Counseling and Counseling Services

The services provided by School Guidance can be grouped as follows:

a. Student Data Collection Services
b. Illumination Service
c. Placement Services
d. Teaching Service
e. Extension services
f. Research and Assessment Service (evaluation)
g. Public Relations Services.

Brief types of guidance and counseling services can be explained as follows:

a. Student Data Collection Services
In accordance with the notion that Guidance is an aid to an individual facing a problem, it is certain that success or failure of a relief effort in the course of the Guidance will depend on much of the information or information about the individual. Therefore collecting such data is the first step in the overall Guidance activity.

b. Illumination Service
What is meant by this ministry is to provide a clear and complete explanation of the details of each student's needs, whether on education, work, social, or personal?

c. Placement Services
The essence of this placement service is to help the individual gain adjustment by putting himself in the right position. The purpose of this placement service is for each individual to be in an appropriate position of his or her situation, such as interests, skills, talents, ideas, level of development and so on.

d. Teaching Service
What is meant by the teaching service is the activity of providing assistance to the students in overcoming the difficulty of difficulty in teaching. The goal is for each student to get a good adjustment and develop his ability optimally in teaching activities.

e. Extension services
Counseling is the core of Guidance program activities. This extension activity in addition to functioning as a therapy (healer), can also serve as a way of collecting data. Counseling is a professional activity, meaning it is done by people who have education and expertise and special experience in the field of counseling.

f. Research and Assessment Service (evaluation)
The purpose of this service is to conduct research and assessment on issues related to Guidance and Counseling program activities. A good Guidance program always bases itself on the results of research and assessment.

g. Public Relations Services.
In addition to providing services to students and other school personnel, Guidance activities provide services also to parties outside the school, the community. The purpose of this service is to work closely with various parties in the community in solving problems related to students' problems, such as child mischief, truancy, lethargy, drop-out and so on.