9 Water Benefits for Human Life and Its Surroundings

9 Water Benefits for Human Life and Its Surroundings
We all know that water is one of the most important elements on Earth. It has been mentioned before that water is always inseparable from everyday human life. Humans and even other living things cannot live without water. Water can be used even needed to maintain the survival of living things.

The most important function possessed by water to maintain the survival of a creature is as a filler of fluid in the body. That is why living things drink water. Even living things cannot stand without drinking in just a few days. Besides being used for drinking, water can also be used for other purposes. If we talk about the usefulness of this water then there will be no end. This is because water is very necessary and very important on Earth.

This time we will discuss the usefulness of water, especially for human life that is in daily activities. The various benefits of water that we can feel in daily activities include benefits for human life:

1. Meet the needs of fluids in the body
One of the bodies we must guard and maintain is that the body should not run out of the liquid. The bodies of living beings, not only humans but also animals and plants also need fluids. If the body does not have any fluids at all then the body will be dehydrated, weakness, fainting or even death. That's why the body desperately needs this fluid. so far we are meeting the daily fluid needs through drinking water.

Well, from here then we know that liquid suppliers in the body are from the water. Water consumed by the community can be either white or colored water. All types of water can act as fluids in the body. Because water can also increase our mind concentration power. Conversely, if we lack fluid (call it lack of drinking), then we will be very easy not to focus on thinking something. Often we are dispersed and our concentration also decreases.

So that's not to our lack of drinking fluids that will affect the decrease in our concentration. the loss of concentration levels will be the cause of many problems that could disrupt other lives. So from that need drink enough water every day, ie at least 8 glasses per day.

2. Refreshing the body
The second water function is also not far from the health of the body. That water will make our bodies become more fresh and fit. When our bodies lack fluid, then what we will feel is the body becomes weak and tired. So from that, the presence of water that will occupy the position of fluid in this body will make our body fit again. In addition, the water also has a cool and refreshing nature. So that we will be able to feel our fresh chart because it has fulfilled its water requirement.

The type of water that is best to be consumed as drinking water is water. Whitewater (natural water from mountain water sources) is a very good water because it is rich in minerals. In addition to drinking water rich in healthy minerals, water is also actually the most refreshing water, even compared with ice water. Although mineral-rich water is very good for the body, it is better if the water content is not only minerals but also other important substances.

Over time, people can produce drinks rich in vitamins and minerals so they can be used to meet the substances needed by humans. However, if consumed regularly and long term, it will be better to keep water.

3. Helping homework every day
The other water function is to help with homework every day. We can not imagine if there is no water in everyday life. Maybe just a few days our lives will be very troublesome. Water has the required functions and also many functions. If seen in the life of the house, it will be taken an example of cleanliness.

Just imagine there is no water that accompanies us, so how are we going to clean the utensils? And we really need clean cutlery to use. Hence the existence of water is indispensable, both outside the home and in the home. Therefore we as human beings must be able to preserve the water that has been given to us. We can start by preserving the various sources of water that are around us.

In addition, we also cannot or is not allowed to throw garbage carelessly. This is because littering will make the environment dirty and polluted which will ultimately affect the quality of water we use. If we use clean water then we will also live healthy.

4. Cleaning the body
Besides being used for cleaning household furniture, water can also be used to clean the body. The cleanliness of the furniture and the environment around the city house is very important and needs to get special attention. If so, the cleanliness of the limbs is also very important.

This is because the body is part of us. If the cleanliness of the body is not well maintained, then this will cause our physical health will be disrupted. As a result, we will more easily experience the illness that will endanger our lives. That's why we have to diligently bathe with clean water will our bodies clean and avoid the attack of various viruses disease. For normal size, a bath is done as much as 2 times a day, ie morning and also afternoon. This will be better if used for bathing is a new water or water that can remove dirt without having to leave traces of other impurities.

5. Maintain a healthy body
In addition to cleansing the body or household equipment, water can also be useful as a body health guard. However, water can also maintain health conditions in the human body. So from that water is very useful for maintaining a healthy body. We can compare between people who simply consuming water every day with people who are less in consuming water.

From there we can see for ourselves, even from the outside view where people who consume enough water will look healthier and fitter than people who rarely consume water. People who drink less will also look paler than people who drink enough water. Also with a lot of water consumption then our bodies will be more resistant to the virus so that the disease is whacking us became easy to lose.

6. Maintain environmental sustainability
In addition to the benefit of human life that is internal, water also has external benefits. One example is to preserve the environment around humans. For example, with enough water, there will be many trees that thrive around the house. Thus the air around our house becomes cool and protected from air pollution.

In addition, with the water then the rivers will be filled with water so it will look beautiful and cool the eyes. The beautiful surroundings will also add peace of mind to the people who live around them. That's why we must always make sure that the environment around us is a beautiful environment with trees that thrive. Because trees are one of the things that can save Earth's life and its contents in the future from global warming.

7. Help the success of farming
It has been said that water is very useful for trees to grow fertile. And it turns out not only the trees but all types of plants can flourish thanks to water. Indonesian people mostly work as farmers or in the plantation sector. That's why their economic life is sustained by the success of farming. And in this case, the role of water will be needed. Water becomes a basic necessity for farmers because in the absence of water the farmers will never be able to successfully grow crops.

Plants planted in rice fields and fields are dependent on water. If there is no water then the plants will not last long and will eventually die. If the plant dies then farmers will lose big. Therefore farmers are willing to buy water or water pump which is then channeled into the river in order to irrigate the fields or fields. Thus we know that the role of water is very important for farmers.

8. Smooth the economy of society
Water is also beneficial to be able to launch the economy of the community. As explained earlier that most of the Indonesian population has a job as a cultivator of land in the field of planting plots. Hence the economy of Indonesian society is supported by the availability of water. And it turns out not only for the tenants only but also other professions. Other jobs that require water such as in the field of industrial production and processing. In factories that use large engines, water works well to cool the engine after use. So from that, if there is no water will be very inconvenient at all.

9. Maintain skin beauty
Water other than preventing human health can also maintain skin beauty. A healthy skin is a skin that has enough moisture. The moisture present in the skin can be obtained from consuming enough water. Therefore, to maintain the beauty of our skin is encouraged to consume lots of water. We can also compare between people who consume less water with enough water to consume from the state of his skin. Surely people who consume lots of water will look fresher and skin smoother than people who consume less water.

Those are some of the benefits or advantages of water that we can feel in our daily lives. Because this water is very beneficial then we must always keep our bodies still sufficient in receiving water every day. This is what will keep us healthy and fit. But also need to be paid attention, for water that is especially consumed (drink) hence must be clean and healthy water. Water for consumption should be cleaner than water used for washing, and so on.

10 Types of DSLR / Mirrorless Lens That Should you Know

10 Types of DSLR / Mirrorless Lenses
When I was a layman, I still do not understand what the lens function on the DSLR / mirrorless? Why changeable? And most importantly, why is the price so expensive even far beyond the price of the camera itself? After I was deep enough photography, I finally understand all these things. In fact, I consider the lens is the most important part of the camera and determine whether or not a good image.

There are many types of lenses that vary in terms of focal length and there are certain features such as the macro lens and tilt-shift. Here are 10 different types of lenses DSLR / mirrorless. I'm sorry, most of the lenses in the illustrations are the Canon brand because that's all I know. Immediately we see the first:

1. Lens Fix

        Fixed 50mm f / 1.8 lens (Wikimedia)      The results of his photograph (sample-image.com)

A fixed lens is a lens that has a focal length that can not be changed. The advantages of the lens fix compared to the zoom lens is a larger lens opening so that the image is brighter and bokeh effect is more stable. The fixed lens is suitable for street photography and portrait photography. Focal length range of fix lens on the market ranging from 14mm to 200mm. There are actually up to 800mm, but I put it into a telephoto lens. Although there are many variants, the focal length commonly used for shooting is usually 24, 35, 50, and 85mm.

2. Wide-Angle Zoom Lens

              Canon EF 11-24mm f / 4L USM                        lens Photograph results

The wide-angle zoom lens is a zoom lens that has a focal length of 10 to 24mm. These lenses are commonly used for landscape photography and architecture photography because of the wider lens point of view so more objects can fit into the photo.

3. Standard Zoom Lens

                       Canon EF-S lens 18-55mm f3.5-5,6 IS STM and photograph results

The standard zoom lens is commonly called lens kit because it is generally included in the camera sales package. Often also called "multi-talent lens" because it has a focal length from the width (18mm) to telephoto (200mm). So it is ideal for beginners due to its flexibility. There is a drawback of this lens, which is expensive (especially the lens "sapujagat") and small aperture (starting from f / 3.5.If zoom is even narrower until f / 5.6) so the images tend to be darker and bokeh less than the maximum.

4. Telephoto Zoom Lens

Canon EF 200-400m f / 4L lens IS USM Extender 1.4x

A telephoto zoom lens is a zoom-enabled lens with a focal length of 100mm to 400mm. This lens is suitable for wildlife photography and sports photography. Generally, the price of this lens is expensive, some even reach hundreds of millions of Rupiah.

5. Telephoto Lens

Canon EF 800mm f/5,6L IS USM

The telephoto lens is a fixed lens with focal length above 200mm. Its trademark is its size is very large to be more like a cannon (English: canon). The price is also very expensive ranging from tens to hundreds of millions of Rupiah. This lens is used for wildlife photography and sports photography.

6. Macro Lens

Canon EF 100mm f/2,8L Macro IS USM

A macro lens is a lens with the ability to focus on objects closer than other lenses, making it suitable for photographing small objects such as insects and plant parts. There is a special genre that matches this lens is macro photography.

7. Tilt-Shift lens

Canon TS-E 24mm f/3,5L II

Example of tilt shift lens before (left) and after (right)

The tilt-shift lens is a tiltable and tiltable lens. The ability to make the lens can create different perspectives, for example straightening the perspective of the building and create effects toy camera. These lenses are suitable for architectural photography or create unique effects.

8. Fish-Eye Lens

Lens Canon EF 8-15mm f / 4L Fisheye USM

Fish-eye lens is a lens with high distortion because the focal length is very short, ie below 10mm, making it super ultra wide. You may like it or hate it because the price is quite expensive and has a high distortion. But for the users of fish-eye lenses, the distortion is precisely sought after the results of the image becomes unique.

9. Lens Extender / Teleconverter

Canon lens extender EF 1.4x

The teleconverter lens is the lens used to extend the lens focal, making it easier to photograph distant objects. But there are drawbacks, namely decreased photo sharpness. Usually capable of extending focal from 1.4x and 2x. Suppose we put a 200mm lens on a 2x teleconverter, then the final focal length is 200 x 2 = 400mm.

10. Lens Adapters
This lens is used to install the lens of other vendors. For example Sony lenses to Canon cameras. Or the EF lens (for Canon DSLR) is paired with the EOS M (Canon's mirrorless camera).

The Cycle of Brackish Water Formation

The Cycle of Brackish Water Formation
Have you all heard brackish water? Or maybe you've seen it firsthand? If ever what comes to mind you will be the presence of brackish water? Well buddy all, on this occasion the author will review it completely to add your insight about what is brackish water and about the cycle of formation of brackish water. Well interesting for us review together, here is the explanation for you.

The brackish water is a mixture of fresh water and sea water (salt water). If the salt content contained in one liter of water is between 0.5 to 30 grams, then this water is categorized as a type of brackish water. But if more than the content is called the category of salt water or sea water. In general brackish water is found in estuary areas that usually have their own biodiversity. One type of fish that live in brackish water is a fish that we often consume, buddy, that is milkfish.

The brackish water ecosystem is a zone of freshwater transition with seawater, where the organisms that grow in it are dominated by mangrove vegetation or so-called mangroves. the function of mangrove forests is very important for the surrounding environment.

The cycles of brackish water formation are due to the existence of a semi-closed water body which is directly related to the open sea which is directly affected by the tides, where the sea water is mixed with freshwater water coming from the mainland water discharges. Well buddy if the water content contained from the mixing of freshwater and seawater tend to be more dominant salt water, it will create a brackish water.

The type of mainland water mixed directly with sea water which will affect the brackish water formation cycle is as follows:
1. The estuary of river water
2. Bay beach
3. Tidal swamps
4. The water body behind the beach

This type of fresh water that will affect the cycle of formation of brackish water, in case of mixing with sea water (salt water). 

The characteristics of this brackish water are as follows:

1. Water system with the calm current flow.
2. Residence time is relatively long.
3. The presence of temperature or light stratification.
4. The dissolved oxygen is lower than the flowing waters.
5. The absence of a special adaptation of each of the brackish water organisms.

From the above, then we can conclude that the temperature is a controlling factor that affects the metabolic activity in the food chain that occurs in the balance of the brackish water ecosystem. Light is considered as the abiotic factor that determines the primary productivity of brackish water.

Okay, buddy, that's the information that the author shared about the cycle of brackish water formation on this occasion.

The Atmosphere Ability to Protect the Earth

The Atmosphere Ability to Protect the Earth
The atmosphere comes from Greek, the word "atmos" which means steam and "sphaira" which means sphere. Thus, the atmosphere is the layer of gas that envelopes the Earth's sphere. Because this layer envelopes the Earth, the atmosphere is much wider than the ocean covering 3/4 of the Earth's surface.

If "sky" is defined as an atmosphere, then the letter says that the atmosphere has 7 layers. However, in meteorology only known 5 layers of the atmosphere.

The five layers, as shown in the figure below, are:

1. Troposphere (0-10 km). The lowest layer, where the weather phenomenon (clouds, rain, and thunderstorms) occurs.

2. Stratosphere (10-50 km). The layer above the troposphere where the weather phenomenon has ceased to occur. However, large thunderstorms can reach the lower layers of the stratosphere. In this layer, there is an ozone layer.

3. Mesosphere (50-85 km). Layers where vertical air movement is not too obstructed.

4. Thermosphere (above 85 km). A hot coating with a temperature between 400 ° -2000 ° C.

Among these layers, there is a boundary that separates each layer of the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause.

In the above description, there are 4 layers of the atmosphere. If the ozone layer is calculated as a separate layer, then there are 5 layers. However, it turns out that in astronomy science is known another layer above the thermosphere layer, namely the ionosphere and the exosphere. If the overall layer is summed, the number is indeed 7 layers.

The atmospheric gas is composed of a fixed amount of gas and an amount of gas. The fixed gases consist of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, and other low-grade gases. While the amount of gas that changes consist of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone. The composition of the air is located in the lower atmosphere (0-25 km). The percentage can be seen in the pie chart below.

The atmosphere is compressible, meaning the maximum density (mass density) is at the surface of the soil. Since density is a function of volume, the gases will become thinner if away from the surface, until it can not be distinguished from space gas/dust. The thickness of the atmosphere ranges from 100-110 km, but the thickness is different in each place. In the polar and subtropical regions, the thickness is only about 8 km, while in the tropics reaches 16 km.

In the troposphere layer in the atmosphere, there are various weather processes that play a role in maintaining survival on Earth. Seasonal / weather shifts play a role in wind direction. In addition to helping pollinate plants, winds moving from low to high temperatures also spread the clouds. The rain from the clouds makes the barren land come alive again.

With its ozone layer, the atmosphere also protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation, which is very harmful to living things on Earth. In addition, the atmosphere also protects the Earth from the entry of foreign objects. Foreign objects entering the Earth will rub against the atmospheric layer from a height of 100 km down. The closer to Earth, the concentration of the air the more concentrated and the density is higher, so the greater the frictional force. As a result, when reaching the Earth's surface, the size of the object has been reduced or even burned out.

During the day, the atmosphere reflects 6% and absorbs 16% of the heat energy from the sun. Then solar thermal energy is passed to the surface, about 24% of the amount is reflected back by clouds and the Earth's surface, 3% absorbed by the cloud. The rest (51%) is absorbed by land and sea. Thus, the Earth's surface temperature during the day does not soar.

In contrast, at night the atmosphere retains some of the heat energy so the temperature does not degenerate dramatically. The atmosphere absorbs about 15% of the heat energy to be emitted back into space. The ability of the atmosphere to absorb heat caused by its CO2 gas content, similar to a greenhouse (herbarium) that keeps the temperature warm for the plants in it. Therefore, CO2 gas is also called greenhouse gas. However, the amount of this gas in the atmosphere continues to rise, causing global warming.

Conclusion:
From the above description it can be concluded that without the atmosphere with the composition and thickness like that of Earth, there will be no life. This is what makes other planets-in spite of the atmosphere has no life. The atmosphere of other planets is not thick enough to withstand attacks of foreign objects. In addition, the composition does not allow the occurrence of weather processes and heat containment.http://blogeducationforstudents.blogspot.com/2018/03/why-sky-is-blue.html

Character Education, Whose Responsibility?

The character of the nation that marked the quality of moral or character of the young generation, especially among students today is felt quite worried. This phenomenon is characterized by the decline in social life, moral ethics in the practice of school life which resulted in a number of negative excesses that concern the public.

The excesses are, among others, the increasingly widespread deviation of various religious and social norms of life which is manifested in the form of the students' disrespectful treatment of teachers and school staff, lack of discipline and ignores school rules, lacks the beauty and cleanliness of the environment, the occurrence of fights among students, drugs, and others.

Why does the phenomenon occur? 
Certainly many factors. One of them is because there are still many teachers who tend to be indoctrinated and transfer of knowledge that emphasizes the cognitive aspect and ignores the effective and psychomotor aspects. As a result of these mistakes, learners have knowledge but do not (less) understand and implement aspects of manners in community life. This is because learners do not have a value system that they believe

Other factors that cause education in schools are not successful in inculcating the character in the sense of guidance character of students because there is still a mistaken opinion of teachers. The teacher's assumption is misleading and should be straightened out, basically, all teachers are obliged and responsible to teach the value and morals to learners who are done in an integrated manner.

One of the missions of education is to characterize the nation's character by protecting, preserving and developing the nation's culture and noble character in school life. It has been agreed that character education is included and integrated into all subjects. And more to be expected is character education becoming a part practiced in everyday life in school.

Another interesting factor to be discussed in relation to the application of the nation's character is the issue that regulates the regulation of protection of teachers in applying coaching to students. Experience shows that when many teachers are "groomed" by applying school rules, the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency and the decline of the nation's cinematography is increasing.

Readmore: Mentoring and Counseling Service

Character Education itself aims to encourage the habits and behavior of learners are commendable, and in line with the universal values and cultural traditions of religious nations, inculcate the soul of leadership and responsibility, learners as the nation's successor, fostering the strength and sensitivity of the mentality learners to the surrounding situation so as not to lapse into deviant behavior, both individually and socially. Improves the ability to avoid disdainful traits that can damage yourself, others and the environment.

This goal can be achieved when Character Education is implemented into the learning process in all subjects and practiced in school life.

The values of character and manners that can be integrated and practiced in schools are, among other things, the belief in God Almighty and obeying his teachings, obeying the teachings of each religion, possessing and developing an attitude of tolerance, self-esteem, the growth of self-discipline, work ethic/ethos of learning, have a sense of responsibility, have a sense of openness, able to control themselves, able to think positively, develop self qualifications, grow a sense of love and affection, have togetherness and mutual cooperation, have a sense of solidarity, mutual respect, and manners, have a sense of shame, cultivate honesty.

These values can be embedded to students during the learning process experience in the classroom as well as the process of learning outside the classroom in shaping student behavior. In addition to character, character education should also include knowledge of human rights, tourism, the environment, consumerism prevention, population, forestry, home industry/economy, HIV / AIDS prevention, drug abuses, peace, democracy and increased consensus on values universal in the learning of appropriate subjects.

In the process of teaching and learning teachers and school, stakeholders should be a sample figure in each behavior that can color the behavior of all students. It is therefore clear that the relationship between the creativity of teachers and school stakeholders in acting, behaving, communicating at all times should support the learning of each subject in the classroom or outside the classroom.

A teacher is a central point of successful character education and character in school. But the success of character education in the national scope is very unlikely without the support of others such as exemplary officials, media support, exemplary community leaders and other parties. Just imagine how difficult it is for teachers to explain the importance of law when officials disobey the law.

There are at least two requirements that must be implemented so that the learning process can integrating character education and character education, namely (a) professional sharpness of teachers in anticipating the use of various possible hooks that must be done by the students to lead to the realization of intra-conceptual links or between interface study and (b) material control over the areas of study that need to be linked. In relation to Character Education and Character Education as an integrated learning with all subjects, the hook direction is intended to be questions that must be answered or the tasks that must be done by the students that lead to the development of character and manners and the development of the quality of humanity.

Teachers of junior and senior high schools should be able to apply the development of student personalities and the mastery of skills and skills required to master an initial basis of disciplines in a balanced and synergic way. We do not expect to give birth to a skilled young generation without character, nor are we hoping to give birth to a generation of virtuous character who has no skills. What we expect is a superior generation of high-skilled and good-natured.

Character or character develops through four stages: anatomical, heteronomic, sociodramatic, and anatomical (Bull, 1969; Rachman, 2000). Given the manifestation of morality through the stages of child development and the influence of the environment in which the child has the right to develop himself then the education of manners should be given early, now, and always at all times. Therefore, teachers in schools, parents at home, instructors/trainers in the course, community leaders in the community in developing children's character must be spontaneous and immediate. Spontaneous in responding, rebuking, directing when children do not match the value of manners; immediately give reinforcement when the child acts in accordance with the value of manners.

Again it is necessary to affirm and realize that character education and character education are not only the responsibility of one subject teacher but must be integrated into all subjects taught in school as well as in various school activities. Activities held in schools, especially student activities need to apply the totality of education by relying on exemplary, creation of the environment and habituation of good things through various tasks and activities.

Basically, the school environment can be done through:
1. Assignment
2. Habituation
3. Training
4. Teaching
5. Direction
6. Exemplary

All have a strong influence on the formation of student character and character. Each school activity must contain elements of character education. This can be found, among others, in scouting activities containing education of simplicity, independence, solidarity and togetherness, love of the environment, and leadership. In sports activities, there is physical health education, sportsmanship planting, cooperation and perseverance to strive, and others

The formation of character and character of learners is not enough to be given only in schools but must be supported by outside school education. Out-of-school education as in the family by parents, in study groups by instructors or tutors; in courses by trainers/builders; and in the community environment by peers, community, exemplary community leaders, exemplary officials, political elite elegance, and the like. They are all, proportionately should be able to provide religious beliefs, cultural values, moral values, and skills. The integration, continuity, and sustainability of character education developed in schools with character education outside of school are expected to produce generations of nations who have the character and noble character as expected.

Mentoring and Counseling Service, Definitions, Purposes, Functions and Types of Mentoring and Counseling Service

MENTORING AND COUNSELING SERVICES, DEFINITIONS, PURPOSES, FUNCTIONS, AND TYPES OF MENTORING AND COUNSELING SERVICES
Understanding Guidance and Counseling Services - Service is a service that has the meaning of helping to prepare (take care of) what one needs; serve, receive (welcome) invitations (challenges, attacks, etc.). Service about or how to serve, serve. While the definition of Guidance is to show, give way, or lead. others toward a goal that is beneficial to his life in the present, and the future.

The guidance is defined as follows: showing the way (showing the way); leading (leading); guide (conducting); give instructions (giving instruction); regulating; directing (governing); give advice (giving advice).

However, this does not mean that all forms of assistance or demands are Guidance. The guidance contained in an institute is a moral Guidance, in which a teacher can motivate his students to be more enthusiastic about learning. Not material. For example, if there are students who have not paid then he came to the teacher and the teacher gave the student money, of course, this assistance is not a form of assistance that is meant with the understanding of Guidance. The term guiding terminology, according to Crow & Crow (1960), quoted by Prayitno and Erman Amti Bimbingan is defined as,. Assistance provided by a person, male or female, who has adequate and well-trained personalities to the individuals every age in helping him organize his own life, developing his own view of life, making his own decisions and carrying his own load.

From the above definition can be concluded that the Guidance is a process of continuous provision of assistance from a mentor who has been prepared to individuals in need in order to develop all the potential possessed optimally by using various media and techniques Guidance in the atmosphere of normative care in order to achieve independence so that individuals benefit both for themselves and for the environment.

Understanding Counseling

Etymologically, the term Counseling is derived from the Latin, ie .consilium. which means .with. or. together. which is strung together. or understand. While in Anglo-Saxon, the term Counseling comes from .sellan. which means submitting. or while conveying .. While dealing with W.S Winkel etymologically Counseling comes from English, Counseling which is associated with the word Counsel, defined as follows: counsel (to obtain counsel); advice (to give counsel); talk (to take counsel).

Counseling in terminology according to Mortensen (1964: 301) quoted H. Mohammad Surya is,. Counseling as an interpersonal process, in which one person is assisted by one other person to improve understanding and skills, find the problem .. Counseling is characterized by a professional relationship between trained counselors and clients. This relationship is usually done individually, although it sometimes involves more than two people. It is designed to help clients understand and clarify their views on the scope of life and to learn to achieve its goals.

Who quotes from Pepinsky and Pepinsky (1954), Counseling is an interactional process: (a). occurs between two individuals who are called counselors and clients, (b). occurs in a personal (professional) situation, (c). created and nurtured as one way to facilitate the occurrence of changes in client behavior, so he obtained a decision that satisfies his needs.

If viewed from the opinions of experts described above, appear to complement each other. So from the above explanation can be concluded that Counseling is a process of assistance provided by the counselor to the client so that clients can understand and direct his life in accordance with its purpose.

Read more:  Application of Character Education

Counseling Guidance Relationships

The word Guidance and Counseling is a word that can not be separated because it is interrelated, but there is also the opinion that Guidance and Counseling is a different word. According to Hallen, the term Guidance is always coupled with the term Counseling. This is because Guidance and Counseling is an integral activity. Counseling is one of the techniques in the Guidance service among several other techniques.

While the Guidance is wider, and Counseling is the most important tool for service business Guidance. The same opinion is also explained by Nana Syaodih Sukmadinata explaining that, Counseling is one of service technique in Guidance, but because of its very important role, Counseling Aligned with Guidance. Counseling is a therapeutic Guidance technique because the target is not a change of behavior, but the more fundamental thing, that is an attitude change. Thus indeed Counseling is an attempt to change one's lifestyle. To change one's lifestyle cannot be only with informative guidance techniques, but it needs therapeutic or healing techniques.

While the opinion that between Guidance and Counseling are two different understandings, because Counseling is more identical with psychotherapy, which is an attempt to help and work on individuals who experience difficulty and serious psychological disorders. While the Guidance by this view is considered synonymous with education.

From the above information can be concluded that between Guidance and Counseling has a close relationship in which between the two complement each other in helping clients or others in solving a problem and change one's lifestyle. Changing the wrong lifestyle becomes true, the negative lifestyle becomes positive. So the client can direct the life according to its purpose. Because the task of a counselor or counselor is to provide good direction to the guided.

Goals and Functions of Guidance and Counseling

1. Goal Guidance and Counseling
In an activity be it formal or nonformal there will be a purpose. So also with Guidance and Counseling. The purpose of Guidance and Counseling are: According to Tohirin, the purpose of Guidance and Counseling is: to gain a better understanding of the client's self, directing the client in accordance with its potential, able to solve their own problems faced by the client, can adjust themselves more effectively both against himself and his environment to gain happiness in his life.

The purpose of Guidance and Counseling by Hallen is:
a. Guidance in order to find a person meant that learners recognize their own strengths and weaknesses.
b. Guidance, in order to recognize the environment, is intended for participants to know the environment objectively, both social and economic.
c. Guidance, in order to plan for the future, is intended so that learners can consider and make decisions about their future, whether education, career or cultural field, family and society.

Guidance and Counseling has a purpose that consists of general goals and special goals.

Common Goals Guidance and Counseling helps individuals to achieve optimum development according to their talents, abilities, interests, and values, as well as fragmentation of problems faced by the individual (client). Including general purpose Guidance and Counseling is to help the individual to be independent with the characteristics of being able to understand and accept himself and his environment, make realistic decisions and plans, direct himself with his decisions and plans and ultimately manifest himself.

The specific objectives of Counseling and Counseling are directly related to the client's developmental direction and the problems at hand. The special purpose is an elaboration of general goals that are linked to the problems of the client, both concerning development and life.

From the opinion of experts, it is clear that the purpose of Guidance and Counseling all leads to learners so that learners better understand themselves both from the shortcomings and the advantages. And also, help learners to dare to take their own good decisions (according to talents, abilities, and interests) for himself.

2. Guidance and Counseling Function
Guidance and Counseling function according to Syamsu Yusuf and A.Juntika Nurihsan are:

a. Understanding, which helps learners to have an understanding of himself (potential) and the environment (education, work, and religious norms).
b. Preventive (prevention), the counselor's effort to always anticipate the various problems that may occur and trying to prevent it, so as not experienced by learners.
c. Development, the counselor always strives to create a conducive learning environment.
d. Improvement (healing), which is a Curative Guidance function. This function is closely related to providing assistance to students who have experienced problems.
e.Channeling, the Guidance function in helping individuals choose extracurricular activities, majors that match the interests, talents of students.
f. Adjustment, which is a Guidance function in helping individuals (students) to adapt dynamically and constructively to educational programs, school rules, or religious norms.

From the above explanation can be concluded that the function of Guidance and Counseling in addition as an understanding for himself (learners) and the environment, the function of Guidance and Counseling as well as a healer (improvement) for learners who have difficulty when getting a problem that is difficult to solve which causes learners to be pessimistic and inferior.

Principles of Guidance and Counseling

In providing tutoring teachers should consider some of the principles of them are:

The principles of Guidance and Counseling are:

a. Tutoring is given to all students. All students are either smart, fair, or poor.
b. Before giving help, the teacher must first try to understand the difficulties faced by the students.
c. Tutoring provided by the teacher should be tailored to the problems and factors that lie behind it.
d. Tutoring should use varied techniques.
e. In providing tutoring, teachers should work with other school staff.

While in Kartini Kartono's book, the principle of Guidance and Counseling is that everyone is valuable, an important principle, learners also have the potential and right to gain success in their lives.

He should be helped so that his potential becomes a reality. The opinions of Kartini and Kartono are also similar to M. Arifin's opinion which explains that every individual has nature (basic ability) that can develop well when given the opportunity. For that through good Guidance.

From the above opinion, the author agrees with the opinion of Kartini Kartono, who explains that everyone is valuable, in the presence of such principles, then learners feel that they are valued by others. So that learners will be more excited (optimistic) in facing problems both at school and outside a school. In addition, the learner will also assume that he is not discriminated from other students because he has the opinion that he has advantages over others.

Guidance and Counseling Techniques

In general, the techniques used in Guidance take two approaches, namely group approach and individual counseling.

1. Group guidance
Techniques used in helping students or groups of students solve problems through group activities. Some special forms of techniques Group guidance are homeroom program, field trip, group discussion, group activities, student organization, sociodrama.

2. Individual Counseling
In this technique, the provision of assistance is done with a relationship that is face to face relationship (a relationship of four eyes), which is carried out by an interview between counselor with counsel. Problems solved through this counseling technique are personal issues.

Some of the guidance and counseling approach, namely:

1. Directive Approach.
2. Non-Directive Approach.

Briefly, both approach Guidance and Counseling can be explained as follows:

1. Directive Approach.
This approach is also known as Counselor-Centered Guidance. This trait indicates that the counselor plays a major role in the interaction process of Guidance services. The advisor is trying to find and find problems experienced by his client.

2. Non-Directive Approach
This approach is also known as a Client-Centered Guidance service. Nature shows that the guided party is given a major role in the field of interaction of Guidance services. Characteristics of non-directive relationships:

a. This non-directive relationship puts the client in a central position, the active client to disclose and solve problems.
b. Counselors act only as drivers and creators of situations that enable clients to grow on their own.

Types of Counseling and Counseling Services

The services provided by School Guidance can be grouped as follows:

a. Student Data Collection Services
b. Illumination Service
c. Placement Services
d. Teaching Service
e. Extension services
f. Research and Assessment Service (evaluation)
g. Public Relations Services.

Brief types of guidance and counseling services can be explained as follows:

a. Student Data Collection Services
In accordance with the notion that Guidance is an aid to an individual facing a problem, it is certain that success or failure of a relief effort in the course of the Guidance will depend on much of the information or information about the individual. Therefore collecting such data is the first step in the overall Guidance activity.

b. Illumination Service
What is meant by this ministry is to provide a clear and complete explanation of the details of each student's needs, whether on education, work, social, or personal?

c. Placement Services
The essence of this placement service is to help the individual gain adjustment by putting himself in the right position. The purpose of this placement service is for each individual to be in an appropriate position of his or her situation, such as interests, skills, talents, ideas, level of development and so on.

d. Teaching Service
What is meant by the teaching service is the activity of providing assistance to the students in overcoming the difficulty of difficulty in teaching. The goal is for each student to get a good adjustment and develop his ability optimally in teaching activities.

e. Extension services
Counseling is the core of Guidance program activities. This extension activity in addition to functioning as a therapy (healer), can also serve as a way of collecting data. Counseling is a professional activity, meaning it is done by people who have education and expertise and special experience in the field of counseling.

f. Research and Assessment Service (evaluation)
The purpose of this service is to conduct research and assessment on issues related to Guidance and Counseling program activities. A good Guidance program always bases itself on the results of research and assessment.

g. Public Relations Services.
In addition to providing services to students and other school personnel, Guidance activities provide services also to parties outside the school, the community. The purpose of this service is to work closely with various parties in the community in solving problems related to students' problems, such as child mischief, truancy, lethargy, drop-out and so on.