Why Sky is Blue?

When you look into the sky, never did you ask inwardly why the sky is blue? Or you used to think the sky was white when it was a cloud? Where does the blue color come from? Let's see the answer.

So initially all the colors came from the sun. The sunlight is visible white. Though sunlight consists of all colors of the rainbow! If you know that the light on earth is only a small part of the light energy in the universe! Cool!

When the white light coming from the sun radiates through the atmosphere layer, the light collides with molecules in the air. At the time of the collision, different colors or wavelengths of light are scattered with different amounts. The blue light (which has shorter wavelengths) is spread out more than red light (which has a longer wavelength).

When the sun is in the sky and its light passes through the layer of the atmosphere, the blue light is spread in all directions. Blue light is spread in all directions by small molecules of air in the Earth's atmosphere. The blue color is more scattered than other colors because of the smaller wavelength. In addition, light is also reflected and scattered by the surface of the earth. All this scattering is mixed and therefore we see the blue sky!

Why the blue sky has been answered. Now, if the sunset and sunrise it's orange sky, that's how?

The explanation is that the position of the lower sun causes the light to pass through more atmospheric layers before the light reaches your eyes! Which means most of the blue light has been scattered and the only remaining red is red. The result is like a beautiful panorama of colors as we watch the moment of sunset and sunrise.

You can also try experiments to find out, can be done with experiments using a special crystal-shaped prism illuminated by light.

When white light passes through a prism, the light is divided into all colors. All light goes on a straight line unless something is inhibited and can make the light reflected (like a mirror), deflected (like a prism) or propagated (like a gas molecule in the atmosphere).

When you see the rainbow there are various colors from red to purple. Yet in relation to the wavelength, the purple color has the shortest wavelength. Well, if the shorter the wavelength the more easily dissipated in the sky, why we do not see the sky purple?

The answer depends on our eye reaction to light! Inside our eyes, there are two types of cells that react to light. The stem portion of the cell is sensitive to the brightness of the light and the three cones on the cell are responsible for detecting color.

These three cones are sensitive to light of a certain wavelength. Blue cones are more sensitive to blue than purple. So when we look at the sky, indirectly the cells in the eye provide information to our brain that the colors we see are blue. So that's why the sky is blue.

What are Electromagnetic Waves ? It is the Problem and Solution

Electromagnetic waves are waves that radiate without a propagation medium that carries the charge of electrical and magnetic energy (electromagnetic). Unlike waves in general that require a propagation medium, electromagnetic waves do not require a propagation medium (just like radiation). Because it does not require propagation media, electromagnetic waves are often referred to as electromagnetic radiation.

Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

The electromagnetic waveform is almost the same as the transverse waveform in general, but in this wave there is a charge of electrical and magnetic energy where the electric field (E) is always perpendicular to the magnetic field (B) both of which are heading in the direction of the wave as can be seen in the picture below this.

An electromagnetic waveform that carries a charge of electromagnetic energy without having a propagating medium.

Inferential, the nature/properties of electromagnetic waves as follows:

1. Does not require creeper
2. Includes transverse waves and has the same properties as transverse waves
3. Not carrying mass, but carrying energy
4. The energy brought is proportional to the large frequency of the wave
5. The electric field (E) is always perpendicular to the magnetic field (B) and in phase Have momentum
6. Divided into several types depending on their frequency (or wavelength)
The spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves include light, radio waves, X-rays, gamma rays, microwaves, and others. Electromagnetic waves differ only in wavelength and frequency. Refer to the table below to provide an overview of the types of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves that are normally associated with various frequency and wavelength intervals. These intervals are often undefined and sometimes overlapping. For example, electromagnetic waves of about 0.1 nm are usually called X rays, but if they are from nuclear radioactivity, they are called gamma rays.

The human eye is sensitive to radiation or electromagnetic waves of about 400 to 700 nm (nanometers), a term called visible light. Electromagnetic waves with a slightly less wavelength of visible light waves are called ultraviolet rays that generally come from the sun, and waves with wavelengths that are slightly longer than visible light waves are called infrared waves. There is no limit on electromagnetic wavelengths; in other words, all wavelengths (or frequencies) are theoretically possible.

Benefits of Electromagnetic Waves

Differences in the wavelengths of different types of electromagnetic waves are very important. As we know, wave behavior depends on the relative size of the wavelength. Due to the differences in wavelengths that cause differences in behavior of each wave type, electromagnetic waves are widely used for different purposes of use depending on the type of wave. In addition, wavelength and frequency are also important in determining the type of interaction between electromagnetic waves and matter.

Here are the various benefits that come from different types of electromagnetic waves:

X-rays have very short wavelengths and high frequencies can easily penetrate many materials impenetrable by light waves with lower frequencies absorbed by the material. X-rays are used by doctors to see organs in the body such as bone to diagnose patients. Thanks to X-rays, doctors cannot see the organs in the patient's body without the need for surgery. In addition, X-rays are also used in the Airport to see the contents of the passenger bag/suitcase without having to open it so that the queue process can take place quickly.

Microwaves have wavelengths of several centimeters and frequencies close to the natural resonance frequencies of water molecules in solids and liquids. Thus microwaves can be easily absorbed by water molecules in the recording, which is a heating mechanism in a microwave toaster, for example, a microwave oven.

Infrared light can not be seen but can be detected above the red light spectrum that is usually used to move one form of energy that is not too large. Infrared rays are used in game consoles or various types of remote so users do not need cable media to transmit data in the form of energy.

Radio waves have a fairly large range. Radio waves are used to transmit signals for very long distances that infrared waves cannot reach, but the amount of transmitted energy is not as large as infrared waves can transmit. Radio waves are used by TV stations, Radio, and others to transmit communication signals. In addition, radio waves are used by radar to tell the position of objects above the earth's surface. Radio waves are also used for satellite imagery to earth to create 3-dimensional maps.

Problems example

1. Which wave has greater energy, gamma rays or X-rays?
2. What type of wave has a wavelength of a few meters order?
3. What electromagnetic wave has a period of 〖10〗^(-16) seconds?

Solution

1. The gamma rays have frequencies up to 〖10〗^22, whereas the X rays have a frequency of 〖10〗^20. Since the energy carried is proportional to the frequency of a wave (E = h.f), the gamma rays have a greater energy than X-rays. gamma is very harmful to living things because it can damage the object it passes.

2. Types of waves that have wavelengths in the order of several meters are TV waves and FM radio waves. These two waves are included as short radio waves.

T = 〖10〗^(-12)seconds

f = 1/T=1/〖10〗^(-12) =〖10〗^12

Electromagnetic waves that have a frequency of 〖10〗^12 Hz is ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light is harmful to living things, especially to humans and is considered the leading cause of skin cancer.

The History Of Human Rights Violations (Human Rights)

The History Of Human Rights Violations (Human Rights)
Human rights would not be recognized and high esteem by humans without a struggle to uphold human rights. The struggle for human rights carried out in human rights is natural rights or human rights subjects taken from birth as a gift of God Almighty. Human rights respected, high esteem, and are protected by the State, the law, Government, and any person. Human rights are universal and timeless.

Human rights are the rights granted directly by God as something that is is not supernatural. That is, a right which belonged to the man in his nature cannot be separated from the fact, so its nature is sacred.

The history of human rights begins from the idea of human rights. The idea of human rights arose as a reaction to the arbitrariness of authoritarian rule. The emergence of authoritarian rulers encourages people who are distressed right to struggling States its existence as a being dignified. The struggle for human rights is contained in the documents, a movement, and the theory advanced by thinkers.

The Human Rights Movement

The human rights movement that aims to fight for human rights is as follows:

1. Movement of the Renaissance (XV century)
This movement emerged in Europe and aims at evocative back human consciousness will be sentient beings as dignity.

2. Reform movement (XVI)
This movement took place in an environment of the Christian religion in the year 1517, led by Martin Luther. The purpose of this motion is to free yourself from the bonds of the papacy and gave birth to Protestantism.

3. American Revolution)
The American Revolution was a war of independence against the colonial United States United Kingdom people. This resulted in a revolution in the Declaration of Independence (Declaration of independence) and the United States became an independent country on 4 July 1776.

4. Revolution in France
The revolution in France was France's opposition people's own King Louis on XVI who had acted arbitrarily and absolute. The revolution of France produces the Declaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen (Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen). This statement contains three things, namely the right to freedom (liberty), equality (legality), and brotherhood (fraternity).

The Theory Of Human Rights

In addition to the human rights movement, there are several theories from experts who support the development of human rights. The theory of human rights is as follows.

1. Theory of the Covenant society (1632-1704)
This theory was advanced by John Locke. This theory States that when the man desirous of forming a country then all the rights that exist in humans should be guaranteed in law.

2. Theory of Triassic Politika (1688-1755)
This theory was advanced by Montesquieu. This theory States that the power of the State is separated into three, namely the legislative, judicial, and Executive. This separation is done to protect the rights and powers of the authority.

3. Theories of popular sovereignty (1712-1778)
This theory was advanced by J.J. Rousseau. This theory States that the ruler appointed by the people to protect the interests of the people, including human rights.

4. Theory of State law (1724-1904)
This theory was advanced by Immanuel Kant. This theory States that the country aims to protect the rights and duties of citizens.

Benefits of Lichen Plant for Human Life

Benefits of Lichen Plant for Human Life
When viewed at a glance, for most people lichen plants are regarded as plants that are not useful and often referred to as pests plants. But actually there are a lichen plant benefits, there is a substantial market that collects the lichen from the wild to be used as raw materials of a product, there is also a make lichen as a material for environmentally friendly building decoration and some even use lichen to be a delicious food such as "lichen soil" which is processed into cooking up.

Some lichen plants are also used for fuel, for example, lichen type "Sphagnum". In the mining area, these lichen plants (in dry conditions) are used as fuel for lighting equipment, so this lichen is very helpful in the work of miners. In addition, Sphagnum type cristatum and subnitens in dry conditions can also be used for a growth medium on horticultural crops, such as vegetables and fruits. In the medical world, lichen also has many benefits.

There are several types of lichen plants that can be used for health, for example, "Marchantia" lichen species that can be used as a cure for liver disease, most plants that live on the rocks also over time will cause weathering on rocks so that the stone is destroyed and become the ground.

The process of weathering rocks assisted by lichen plants caused by Rhizoid lichen that penetrates the surface of the rock, so the rock becomes brittle and crumbled and then form the soil and become a place to grow other plants, well this is the answer why the lichen is called a pioneer vegetation.Overall, living lichen plants in forest areas or above ground can prevent erosion, reduce flood risk, and can also be useful for soil water absorption so as to provide water during the dry season. Likewise with dead lichen plants can be used to add organic substances in the soil so that the soil becomes more fertile and other plants and grow on it.

Based on existing data, the lichen can be used as an ingredient for household ornaments, medicines, materials for science and as a biological indicator for environmental degradation. Some examples of such usable lichen are Calymperes, Campylopus, and Sphagnum (Glime & Saxena, 1991 in Tan, 2003). In addition to being an environmental indicator, the presence of lichens in tropical rainforest plays an important role in growing organisms such as insects and rainwater reservoirs (Gradstein, 2003).

Sphagnum is sometimes used as an alternative medium for hatching crocodile eggs by crocodile farmers in the Philippines. Even the reported use of dried lichen as fuel and materials for the construction of houses in hot areas but this cannot be applied in Southeast Asia (Pant & Tewari, 1989 in Tan, 2003).

Lichen plant is often also used for landscaping and greenhouses. Another thing that has been done with this lichen is to use it as a medicinal ingredient. Based on the results of research in China, more than 40 types of lichen have been used by the Chinese community as ingredients of medicines mainly to treat the itching and other diseases caused by bacteria and fungi (Ding, 1982 in Tan 2003).

Sphagnum lichen is also a major component of fuel, which is mined for fuel use, as a plantation crop, and barley sprouts dried on Scotch Whiskey production. Sphagnum, usually a type of cristatum and subnitens, is harvested while it is growing and dried in use in a child's room children and horticulture as a growth medium.

Lichen plant lives on the rocks over time will cause the stone destroyed into the ground because rhizoid can penetrate the surface of the rock. Next, it will gradually form new soil as a place to grow other crops, because this is the lichen referred to as pioneer vegetation.

Lichen living in forests or above ground can prevent erosion, reduce flood hazards, and be able to absorb water to provide water during the dry season. Dead lichen can be utilized to bend organic substances in the soil so that the soil will become fertile and suitable for other plants.

Marchantia polymorpha to treat hepatitis, Sphagnum as a pad or substitute of a pass, if Spagnum added to the soil can absorb water and keep soil moisture. Lichen plants that have been known to benefit as drugs divided into two groups namely lichen liver and leaf lichen. Some of the lichen plants include:

1. Marchantia polymorpha is also known as lichen liver, it can be used as a hepatitis drug, eliminating toxins due to snake bites.
2. Conocephalum conicum, also including liverwort, serves as antibacterial, antifungal, treats burns and external wounds.
3. Frullania tamarisci is a liver of liver that can be used as an antiseptic drug.
4. Fissidens japonicum, a leaf lichen, can be used to help hair growth.
5. Rhodobryum giganteum, a type of leaf lichen that can treat high blood pressure and as a sedative or anesthetic.
6. Ciconeuron filicinum, including leaf lichen containing compounds to treat heart disease.
7. Haplocladium catillatum, a leaf lichen, is useful for treating pneumonia.

The role of lichen plant is as a producer in the ecosystem.

1. Sphagnum has the ability to turn waters into the land.
2. Sphagnum many also used as a substitute for cotton.
3. The dried Sphagnum waste is called peat, it can be used as fuel, as a mixture for loosening clay structures, as humus for the less powerful sandy soil that binds water, as the ingredients of paraffin and ammonia.
4. Lichen as a pioneer vegetation.
5. Lichen plants are instrumental in absorbing and retaining rainwater in forest areas.

Definition of Biotechnology, Its Benefits and Examples

Definition of Biotechnology, Its Benefits, and Examples
Summary of definitions of biotechnology and examples is complemented. Anyone know, what is Biotechnology? For those of you who do not know it, then in this discussion, we will give the material about biotechnology that you can read below:

Definition of Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a method that involves living things or living organisms to produce new products that can be beneficial to humans. Or it can be said also biotechnology is a branch of science that learn how to use living organisms in the production process to produce goods or services that are beneficial to humans.

Biotechnology comes from two words namely the word Bio and the word Technology. The word Bio can mean life while the word Technology is defined as a scientific method that is used to achieve the goal practically. Today Biotechnology is not only based on biology but from a wide range of applied sciences as well, such as from biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, microbiology, computers, and others. Can also be defined biotechnology is applied science that combines various branches of science in processing goods or services that can be beneficial to humans.

The main features of biotechnology, including There, are biological objects such as microorganisms, plants and animals, the use of technology and in the industry and products or services produced is the result of extraction and purification.

Benefits of biotechnology

Biotechnology has many benefits for human life, what's more nowadays biotechnology is growing. Tools to help the development of biotechnology-even more and more one example is a microscope used to see small invisible organisms. Benefits from biotechnology for example:

1. Can produce medicine
Biotechnology can produce cheaper and more effective drugs such as the production of insulin hormones derived from the E. coli bacterial gene.

2. Produce antibiotics
Can produce antibiotics to kill various dangerous diseases. At this time have a lot of antibiotics contained in pharmacies that are cheap and effective for treatment.

3. Can reduce environmental pollution
Biotechnology can also help reduce pollution, for example, there are some bacteria that can help recycling to destroy organic waste and also clean up the oil spills scattered in the sea.

4. Can increase agricultural production from GMO crops
Transgenic plants have good enough resistance to various extreme environmental conditions and not easily attacked by pests.

See also an explanation: Understanding science and technology or complete science and technology.

The negative impact of biotechnology

However, biotechnology also has a negative side, this negative impact is dangerous, especially for people who do not understand the environment. There are rules or ethics that need to be done in developing biotechnology products. The following are generally negative impacts of biotechnology, including:

1. The destruction of ecosystems
Can reduce the number of plant species that exist in nature due to excessive genetic engineering technology.

2. Loss of certain types of animals and plants
If excessive engineering of genetic technology, then the animals and plants with less good quality or natural qualities will experience extinction.

3. May cause allergies
Not everyone matches the foreign gene that is inserted into his body. So be careful when going to consume products produced by biotechnology.

4. The occurrence of biological pollution
This is due to an uncontrolled spread of transgenic organisms.

Types of Biotechnology

1. Conventional or Traditional Biotechnology
What is meant by conventional biotechnology is the way of applying biotechnology science by utilizing live organisms directly to change the nutrient content contained in a product. This type of biotechnology is often done in homes because the process to do it is quite easy and the materials it needs-are easy to get. As for some examples of conventional biotechnology, such as:

2. Processing of food products 
Conventional biotechnology is a biotechnology that uses micro-organisms to perform production especially in foods such as tempeh, tape, soy sauce etc. Microorganisms can convert food ingredients or others into better and more useful foodstuffs.

3. Food products in biotechnology
That is assisted by microorganisms such as fermentation process in soybeans, which can be converted into tempeh, soy sauce, tape and others including milk that is converted into cheese and yogurt. Processes such as biotechnology are called conventional/traditional biotechnology because they are considered as biotechnology that has existed since time immemorial. The main characteristic in conventional biotechnology is the use of microorganisms directly and not yet know the use of enzymes. A clearer example, such as:

In Milk Processing:

a. Yogurt
In making yogurt first milk pasteurized, then some fat is thrown away. And the type of microorganisms that play a role in the manufacture of yogurt name is lactobacillus bulgaricus and also streptococcus thermophilus.

b. Cheese
Making cheese using lactic acid bacteria, the type of microorganisms are Lactobacillus and also Streptococcus. Bacteria or microorganisms function to ferment lactose in milk to lactic acid.

c. Butter
In making butter using the type of microorganisms are Streptococcus lactis and Lectonosto ceremonies. These microorganisms will form the acidification process. Then the milk is given a certain flavor and butterfat is separated.

On Peanut:

a. Soy sauce and taco
The soy sauce is made from soybeans added to a microorganism/fungus called Aspergillus soya and Aspergillus fumigatus. While in fermented soybean paste made from soybeans added microorganisms named Aspergillus oryzae, these microorganisms will convert the complex protein in soybeans into amino acids that can be easily digested by the human body.

b. Tape and oncom
In making the tape is done by using fermented soybean microorganism Rhizopus sp. Which can convert complex proteins in soybeans into amino acids? While oncom made by fermentation of peanut cake using a microorganism called Rhizopus oligosporus.

Agricultural biotechnology

1. Planting plants hydroponically
Usually, humans plant crops using soil media but in hydroponics do not use the soil as a medium, it takes water added with nutrients as a source of food for the crops grown. Can be said in planting plants with hydroponics method one proof that the land is not always the main media in the cultivation.

Hydroponics can be done with a variety of methods, it depends on what medium is used. Some methods are done in planting the plant hydroponics such as using sand culture, water culture, to use media such as gravel, broken bricks or called a porous method.

Several types of plants are grown using hydroponic methods of vegetables such as tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, mustard greens, kale, lettuce, spinach and others. While in fruit plants such as water guava, starfruit, melon, and others. As for some advantages if planting with hydroponic methods, including:

a. Plants can be cultivated in various places.
b. Reduce the risk of damaged plants.
c. Reduce the risk of water shortage crops.
d. Avoid erosion.
e. It does not require a lot of land or space.
f. Plants grow faster.
g. Can be free from pests.
h. Maintenance costs are quite low enough.
j. Harvested yields have good quality.

2. Planting aerobically
The aerobic method is one type of hydroponics. Water containing nutrients ejected that resemble fog will affect the roots of the plant. The roots of planted plants hang and will absorb the nutrient solution contained in sprayed water. Generally planting aerobic strand styrofoam given planting holes that are about 15 centimeters.

Then using a wedge made of foam or Rockwool, the vegetable seed is plugged into the hole for the plant. Then the roots of the plants will hang or decompose to the bottom, under the strands of styrofoam, there is a sprinkler or sprinkler that will spray the mist which contains nutrients so that the roots of plants.

Modern Biotechnology

Due to the increasing development of technology and science, many experts are developing biotechnology by utilizing scientific principles through various researchers and also efforts to produce products more effectively and efficiently which can benefit human beings. Biotechnology is not only used in food products but now biotechnology has covered various fields such as genetic engineering, the creation of new energy sources and others.

With the existence of research and the development of technology, the biotechnology more dug again the benefits to be used by humans and other purposes. It can also be said that modern biotechnology is a type of biotechnology that uses modern tools that are small and very difficult to do in homes. Examples of modern biotechnology applications, for example:

1. Genetical manipulation
Genetic engineering is a way of manipulating Genes to produce new living beings with desirable qualities. Genetic engineering is usually referred to as DNA recombination / Gen. Transplantation. In genetic engineering, DNA is used to combine the properties of living things, because the DNA of every living being has the same structure, which is why DNA can be recombined. Then the DNA will regulate the properties of living things from generation to generation. To transform cell DNA that can be done through various ways eg by means of nuclear transplantation, plasmid technology, DNA recombination and cell fusion. But only experts can do it.

2. Make Antibiotics
Antibiotics are a substance produced by certain organisms and have a function to inhibit the growth of other organisms contained in the vicinity. Antibiotics can be obtained from microorganisms that have been in the process of using certain ways.

3. In the manufacture of Vaccines
Vaccines can be used to prevent the body from attacking viruses or harmful microorganisms.

4. Making hormones
With DNA engineering, which has used microorganisms to produce hormones. The hormones that have been successful in production such as growth hormone, insulin, cortisone, and testosterone.

5. Livestock biotechnology
Biotechnology can be useful for developing various products on farms. For example like hormones for the growth of livestock. With genetic engineering can create artificial hormones for animal growth or called Bovine Somatotropin Hormone. Hormones are made from bacteria/microorganisms that have been in engineering.

6. Future fuel biotechnology
Alternative fuels of the future to replace oils such as biogas and gasohol. Biogas is made of anaerobic phase in the fermentation of living things, while in anaerobic methane gas will be produced that can be used for fuel.

Biogas can be an alternative energy for petroleum substitutes, biogas is produced through the fermentation of livestock manure and other organic materials. Through this fermentation process, the materials are converted into methane gas that can function as energy similar to LPG gas, but more environmentally friendly and safe enough. Read also: Understanding biogas and biodiesel equipped benefits.

7. Biotechnology waste treatment
Disposable and unused materials are called waste. Usually, waste is generated from activities, households, agriculture, and industry. Currently, the presence of waste is very threatening to the environment, so there must be efforts to handle it. How to handle it for example by way of burning or in recycling. But safer is by recycling, and one example of recycled waste has been tested such as Pyrolysis.

Pyrolysis is the process of decomposition of waste materials by using high temperatures in conditions without oxygen. By using this method the waste or waste can be converted into charcoal, methane gas and other organic materials. The results of these materials can be used as fuel. The fuel superiority resulting from this process is the low sulfur content so it can reduce the level of pollution.

While the compost is a result of changes of macro organic substances such as from animals and plants. Biologically and chemically altered by the use of microorganisms. In composting requires microorganisms. The types of microorganisms depend on the organic materials used and the processes that take place, such as aerobic/anaerobic processes.

So the explanation about the understanding of biotechnology that we can provide. Actually, biotechnology has been done by humans since time immemorial, but it is only now realized that humans have for years / since long ago using microorganisms to make food such as tempeh and oncom. So and hopefully this discussion can be useful.

Sustainable Agriculture Systems Discuss the Objectives, Concepts, Characteristic and Examples

Sustainable agriculture systems discuss the objectives, concepts, properties, and examples

In this page, I will present knowledge about Sustainable agriculture. That agriculture has an important role in human life. The availability of staples is a product of agriculture. So we must maintain the availability and sustainability of agriculture.

Agricultural activity is an attempt to meet the needs of human life, especially to meet the growing food needs today. The increasing food needs have resulted in the rapid development in the field of agro-industries and the concept of green revolution caused the man to forget on his concern for the environment.

The increased demand for such food demands high land productivity and has the possibility of damaging existing lands and environments due to the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides that are generally used continuously. This has an impact on the decrease in production and productivity of a planted commodity so that land use is not optimal and food needs are not met. Therefore, the world community began to pay attention to the inputs used in agricultural activities that are environmentally friendly but support the production and high productivity.

As time goes by, the attention of the world community towards the environment is increasingly growing. Also did not escape in the field of agriculture involving the sectors of agro-industries in its development.

Along with the development of the world's attention on the environment, then the planning system of sustainable agriculture which is in fact a system of agriculture that return to nature, i.e. farming systems that do not damage, modify, not matching , in harmony and balance with the environment or agriculture that dutifully and is subject to the norms of dust. The concept of sustainable development oriented in the three dimensions of sustainability: the sustainability efforts of economic (profit), the sustainability of the social life of humans (people), natural ecological sustainability.

When done continuously, the system of sustainable agriculture will certainly affect business sustainability, ecology, and sustainability of human life.

In this article will be discussed the following things:

1. What is the history of sustainable agriculture?
2. What is a sustainable agriculture system?
3. What are the goals of sustainable agriculture?
4. How the concept of sustainable agriculture?
5. What is the principle of sustainable agriculture?
6. What characteristic traits – sustainable agriculture?
7. How nature of sustainable agriculture?
8. What are the activities carried out in sustainable agriculture?
9. What examples of sustainable farming systems?

History Of Sustainable Agriculture

The industrial revolution has spawned a variety of modern technology that makes almost any human being could be done more quickly. The development of industrial technology is also venturing into agriculture with the discovery of various inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and machines for agricultural mechanization. Seen from one point of view and from a time dimension, the discovery of technology in agriculture has been able to increase the productivity of land significantly.

In agro-industries, the increase of agricultural production per unit of time also provides a greater advantage. However, when seen from the side and the other time dimension, the use of modern agricultural technology, which it says has brought negative impact not least level losses thereof. Based on the reasons, then began to appear the concept farm environment.

In 1980, the term sustainable agriculture is used to describe an alternative agricultural system based on resource conservation and quality of life in rural areas. Sustainable farming systems aimed at reducing environmental damage, maintain agricultural productivity, increasing the income of farmers and improve the stability and quality of life in rural communities.

Sustainable agriculture was first used by FAO experts as a synonym of the agroecosystem. The agroecosystem is a modification of a natural ecosystem with human intervention to produce food, fiber, and timber to meet the needs and well-being of mankind. An agroecosystem is defined as an attempt to combine the productivity, stability, and equity.

Definition of Sustainable Agriculture Systems

Sustainable agriculture is the utilization of renewable resources (renewable resources) and resources cannot be updated (unrenewable resources) for agricultural production process by pressing the negative impact on the environment minimal possible. The definition of sustainability includes the use of the resources, the quality, and quantity of production, as well as the environment. The sustainable agricultural production process will further lead to the use of biological products that are friendly to the environment.

Among the specialist soil science or Agronomy, the term sustainable agriculture systems better known with the term LEISA (Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture) agricultural system that seeks to minimize the use of inputs (seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and fuel) from the outside ecosystems in the long term could compromise the viability of farming systems.

The word sustainable contains two meanings, i.e. maintenance and prolong. This means that sustainable agriculture should be able to care for or maintain for long periods of time.

There are several definitions of sustainable farming systems, among which are:
1. Sustainable Agriculture was a utilization of renewable resources and resources cannot be updated (unrenewable resources) for agricultural production process by pressing the negative impact on the environment is minimal as possible. The definition of sustainability includes the use of the resources, the quality, and quantity of production, as well as the environment. The sustainable agricultural production process will further lead to the use of biological products that are friendly to the environment.

2. Sustainable agriculture is an agricultural activity that seeks to maximize the social benefits of biological resources management on condition keeping the productivity and efficiency of the production of agricultural commodities, maintain the quality of the environment and resource productivity of all time.

There are a few things to look for in sustainable agriculture, among others, as follows:
1. Biological resources must be utilized or maintained in accordance with ability and natural nature. If a biological resource had to be utilized beyond the limits of its capabilities, the introduction of technology can do for the shortage may compensate for as long as it does not cause any new problems that are more serious.

2. The quality of the environment and natural resources productivity are passed down from one generation to the next must be equal to at least the quality of the environment and natural resources productivity from previous generations.

3. Technology and agricultural management that is applied does not reduce natural diversity (biodiversity).

4. Management of farmer directed at the integrated and multiple uses of natural resources.

5. The farmer does not cause waste or if the waste, waste raises the can still be controlled.

6. The quantity and quality of agricultural commodities produced should be able to meet the needs of a minimum amount of human demand on the rise.

Sustainable agriculture systems can also be interpreted as a success in managing the resource for the benefit of agriculture to meet human needs, as well as maintain and improve environmental quality and resource conservation nature.

While environmentally farm purposes are:
1. Maintain and enhance soil fertility
2. Improve and maintain optimal levels of basil
3. Maintain and enhance biodiversity and ecosystems
4. Maintain and improve the health of the population and other living beings

Means it can be concluded that sustainable agriculture (sustainable agriculture) is the farm that includes the components of physical, biological, social, economic, environmental and human walking is ideally for now and the foreseeable future.

The Goals Of Sustainable Agriculture

In General, sustainable agriculture aims to improve the quality of life. To achieve this need for enhancing economic development activities, prioritize food sufficiency, increasing human resources, removing deprecated maintained the stability of the environment, empower and liberates farmers and focuses the goal of productivity for the long term. To achieve that goal, it takes an approach to sustainable agriculture that is pro-active, based on experience (experiential) and participatory.

Farmers should actively seek out or access other sources of information related to agriculture that is capable of supporting a farmer. For example information on new technologies. Farmers must also be willing to learn from the real experience either through the officers of the field, comparative study or follow the non-formal education on the principals of sustainable agricultural systems that are already successful. This active participation forms the basis of the farmers ' independence in conducting farmer.

The Concept Of Sustainable Agriculture

To developing a system of agriculture, we must put forward the concept of sustainability. Utilization technology of land management and water resource conservation is very important to be applied in a sustainable agricultural system. Because the concept of a sustainable agricultural system depends on the whole progress of the human health and the health of the land.

Currently known a Low External Input Sustainable concept of Agriculture (LEISA) which is a buffer from the concept of integrated farming and sustainable agriculture. This concept proposes the utilization of local resources as raw materials integrated farming patterns, so that will keep the business sustainability of agriculture so that still exist and have the value of the effectiveness, efficiency, and high productivity. In concept, this is noteworthy for two things: the first is utilizing agricultural waste mainly the rest of cultivation into cattle feed and the second is the changing livestock waste into organic fertilizer that can be used back in the process of cultivation plant.

The concept of a merger of the two principles is LEISA namely agro-ecological farming practices and knowledge as well as the local community/traditional. Agro-ecological study of the ecosystem is a holistic farming including all the elements of the environment and human beings. With an understanding of the ecological processes and relationships, agroecosystem can be manipulated in order to increase production in order to produce sustainable, by reducing the negative impact caused to the environment and society as well as minimize external input. This concept has become one of the foundations for sustainable agricultural development.

The Principle Of Sustainable Agriculture

In General, adopt the basic principles of sustainable development, sustainable agricultural systems must satisfy three basic principles as described below.

1. Economic Sustainability.
In order for an activity can continue, a farming must be economically profitable. Sustainable agriculture can boost economic feasibility through many ways. In short, improving the management of land and crop rotations would improve results, in the short term and long term, because it improves the quality of the soil and the availability of water, as it also gives rise to environmental benefits. Economic feasibility can also be achieved by reducing the use of machine equipment, reducing the cost of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (which are mostly farmers can't afford it), depending on the characteristics of production systems.

2. Environmental sustainability.
Sustainable agriculture is often described as ecologically viable activities that are not or little give negative impact on natural ecosystems, or even improve the quality of the environment and natural resources on which farming activities dependent. Usually, it's achieved by means of protecting, recycle, change and/or maintaining a base of natural resources such as land, water, wildlife and biodiversity that contribute to the protection of the natural capital. Synthetic fertilizers can be used to supplement natural input if needed. In sustainable agriculture, the use of chemicals that are known to be harmful to the soil structure, soil organisms and biodiversity are avoided or reduced to a minimum.

3. Social sustainability.
Social sustainability with regard to the quality of life of those who work and live on the farm, as well as the surrounding community. This includes the acceptance or the equivalent income for the different stakeholders in the chain of agricultural production. In the context of high unemployment, sustainable farm promoting value-added agricultural Division for more community members through more use of the available workforce, and will enhance the cohesion and social justice. A decent treatment against workers and opting to buy materials locally rather than buying from a place far away is also an element of social sustainability.

The characteristic traits of sustainable agriculture

1. Economically profitable and be accountable.
Farmers are able to produce profits in production levels are fairly stable, and on the level of risk can be tolerated/accepted.

2. Ecological Insightful 
The quality of the agroecosystem is maintained or enhanced, by keeping the ecological balance as well as the conservation of biodiversity. The system of an agricultural ecological system which is environmentally healthy and has high resistance to pressure and interference.

3. Social Justice.
An agricultural system that ensured fairness in access to and control over land, capital, information, and markets, for the involved without discriminating socio-economic status, gender, religion or ethnic group.

4. Humane and appreciate local culture.
Respecting the existence and treat wisely all kinds of beings that exist. In the development of Agriculture did not break away from the context of the local culture and to appreciate the value of the order, spirit and local knowledge.

5. Being able to adapt
Able to adjust itself to ever-changing conditions, such as population growth and the challenge of a new wisdom.

The Nature of Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable agriculture has five properties, including:
1. Maintaining ecological function
Meaning that it does not damage the ecology of the farm itself.

2. Economically 
It means being able to provide a decent value for implementers of the farm it and neither side exploited. Each party gets rights in accordance with the terms of participation.

3. Fair 
Any offender implementation agriculture gets his rights without restricted and shackled and not breaking anything else.

4. Humane 
Upholding human values, where dignity and human dignity being upheld high including the existing culture.

5. Flexible 
Being able to adapt to the situation and current conditions, thereby sustainable agriculture is not static but dynamic can accommodate the wishes of consumers as well as producers.

Sustainable Agriculture Activities

Some of the activities are expected to support and contribute to increasing agricultural productivity gains in the long term, improve the quality of the environment, and to improve the quality of life of rural communities is as follows:

1. Integrated pest control
Integrated pest control is an approach to pest control combined with methods of biological, cultural, physical and chemical, in an effort to minimize; cost, health, and environmental risks. As for how it can be through.

a. Use of insect, reptiles or animals selected for controlling pests or known natural enemies of pests, such as Trichogramma SP., a natural enemy of parasite eggs and larvae of the parasitic plant pests.
b. Use plants-plants "catcher" pests, which serves as a decoy, which is the main crop from pests to distance.
c. Use of drainage and mulching as natural methods to lower the fungal infections, in an effort to decrease the need for synthetic fungicide. Perform crop rotations to cut off the pest population growth each year.

2. A rotational System and Cultivating Grass
Cultivated intensive grass management system new is to provide a place for cattle outside of agricultural areas subject planted high-quality grass, and may indirectly lower the cost of feeding. In addition, the rotation is meant to give time for the maturation of organic fertilizer. The area of the farm combined with grass or orchards can have a double benefit, among others, cattle can produce manure that is fertilizer for agricultural areas.

3. Land Conservation
Some land conservation methods include planting furrows, reduce or not doing the hijacking of land, and the prevention of soil erosion by wind either missing or water erosion. Land conservation activities can include.

a. Creating conservation trails.
b. using a retaining dam erosion.
c. Using trees and shrubs to stabilize the ground.

4. Keep water quality/Wetlands
Conservation and protection of water resources have become an important part of agriculture. Many of the farming activities have been implemented without regard to the quality of water. Usually, the wetlands were instrumental in conducting the screening of nutrients (fertilizer inorganic) and pesticides. As for the measures that are aimed at maintaining the quality of water, among other things:

a. reduce the addition of synthetic chemical compounds into the upper soil layer (topsoil) that can wash up to the face of the groundwater.
b. Using drip irrigation.
c. Use conservation trails along the banks of waterways.
d. do the planting of grass for the cattle to prevent the increase of toxins due to the flow of the wastewater farming in intensive farms.

5. Plant Protectors
The planting of crops such as wheat and clover in the late season harvesting crops of vegetables or cereals can provide some of the benefits include suppressing the growth of weeds, erosion control, and improve soil quality and nutrients.

6. Land and crop Diversification
Cultivation with varieties that have quite a lot in the agricultural land can reduce the extreme conditions of weather, pests and peg plants, and market price. Increased diversification of crops and types of other plants such as trees and herbaceous, can also contribute to the conservation of the habitats of the animals, the land, and increase the population of beneficial insects.

Steps activities conducted; Creating a water supply, which means creating an environment for frogs, birds and other animals that eat insects. Planting different crops to increase income through the year and minimize the influence of failure similar to plant crops only.

7. Management of Plant Nutrition
Management of plant nutrients properly can improve soil conditions and protect the environment of the land. The increased use of the resource of nutrients in agricultural lands, such as manure and legume crops (Leguminosae) as land cover can reduce the costs of inorganic fertilizers must be issued. Some types of organic fertilizer that can be used include:

a. Composting
b. Use of facing
c. Use of Fertilizer Forage (leaves)
d. Addition of nutrients in the soil with fish emulsion and seaweed.

8. Agroforestry
Agroforestry is a system of permanent land use, where annuals or annual plant is grown in rotation with or form a coated headers, so it is very effective to protect the land from the dashes of rainwater. This system will give you an advantage both in economic as well as ecological. Some of the advantages obtained from the land management system agroforestry:

a. sustainable results can be obtained for plants, seasonal and annual plants.
b. be prevented the occurrence of pests in total that is common in a type of plant (monocultures)
c. the diversity of types of plants found in the agroforestry system allows the formation of stratification heading that fills the space are layered in the direction of vertical. The existence of a heading like this stratification structure can protect the land from the dashes of rainwater because the kinetic energy of rainwater through the header layer layers became progressively smaller than the kinetic energy of falling rain.

9. Marketing
Farmers and ranchers recognized that improving marketing is a move to get better profits. As for how that could be developed are, among others:

a. Direct marketing by mail request, farmer's markets, local restaurants, supermarkets, and traditional market stalls.
b. Using business small business local products as raw materials processed foods

Examples Of Sustainable Agricultural Systems 1. Organic Farm-based sustainable agriculture
Agriculture eco-friendly one is by applying organic agriculture. Organic farming is a production management system integrated that avoid the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and genetic engineering, pressing air pollution, soil, and water. On the other hand, organic farming improves health and productivity amongst the flora, fauna and human beings. The use of input outside of agriculture which led to degradation of natural resources cannot be categorized as organic farming. In contrast, farming systems that do not use the input from the outside, but following the rules of organic farming can enter in groups of organic farming, agro-ecosystem although not certified organic.

Environmentally farm management is done through the utilization of natural resources optimally, a sustainable and profitable, so that it can be utilized in a sustainable way for the benefit of the current generation and future generations. The selection of commodities and an area of business that fit is the key to development in the implementation of sustainable agriculture, commodities should be profitable economically and the public has become accustomed to creating them.

A few basic principles that need to be noted are:

a. The utilization of natural resources sustainably in accordance with ability and power support nature,
b. The process of production or activity of farming itself is done in a familiar environment so that it does not cause any negative effects and externalities on the community,
c. Handling and processing, distribution and marketing, as well as the utilization of the product do not pose a problem in the environment (sewage and garbage),
d. The resulting product must be profitable in business, meet consumer preferences and safe consumption.

2. Sustainable agriculture with Agroforestry
Simply agroforestry is an activity combining between crop plants with Woody (trees). Agroforest is one model of sustainable agriculture that is right, in accordance with the circumstances of farmers. The advantages Agroforestry: agroforestry reduce the conversion of natural habitat, agriculture, species enrichment efforts as a source of income and conservation efforts.

According to De Foresta and Michon, agroforestry can be grouped into two systems, i.e. systems of agroforestry simple and complex agroforestry system.

a. The simple system of Agroforestry.
A simple agroforestry system is a system of farming in which the trees are planted in intercropping with one or more types of annuals. Trees can be planted as a fence surrounding the swath of land for food crops, randomly in a swath of land, or with other patterns such as marching in the array are forming the hallway/fence. These kinds of trees planted is also very diverse, a high economic value could, for example, coconut, rubber, cloves, coffee, cocoa (Brown), Jackfruit, common, Huntersville, teak and mahogany or low economic value such as Leucaena leucocephala. Types of annuals usually revolve around the food crops, namely corn, soybeans, beans, cassava, vegetables or other types of plants.

A simple form of agroforestry the most widely discussed in Java is intercropping. This system is carried out in the area of teak forests in Java and developed in the framework of the social forestry programs of Perhutani. In the land of farmers are allowed to plant annuals in amongst the young teak trees. Annuals result taken by farmers, but farmers are not allowed to cut down or damage trees.

In its development, this simple agroforestry system is also a mixture of several types of trees in the absence of annuals. For example, the coffee is usually inserted with the plant Erythrina Variegata.

b. Agroforestry systems are Complex: Forest and garden
A complex agroforestry system is a system of agriculture settled involving many different types of trees (tree based) intentionally planted and grows naturally on a plot of land and farmer-run following a pattern of cultivation and ecosystem resembling a jungle. Within this system, in addition, there are various types of trees, shrubs, plants also climb, seasonal plants and grasses in large quantities. The primary identifier of the system agroforestry the complex is physical appearance and dynamics in it that is similar to the natural forest ecosystems.

Based on its distance to place of residence, the system agroforestry the complex is distinguished into two, namely, garden or yard tree-based (home garden) and ' agroforest '. The gardens are common in West Java is a system located in the yard near the residence and beginning with planted with annuals for several years (phase gardens).

In the second phase of fruit trees (papaya, banana, etc) planted in intercropping with annuals (mixed garden phase).

In the third phase, some of the original plant's beneficial forest left to grow so that it formed a pattern of the combination of native plants such as bamboo, timber-producing trees with fruit trees. In this phase of the annuals that grow underneath is very limited due to the large shade.

Obstacles to adopt Sustainable farming practices

After having given evidence to suggest that the practice of sustainable agriculture, in fact, creating double benefits, including decreased production costs, environmental benefits, and at the same time can improve production, is very important to understand what that impede poor farmers to adopt this technology.

1. The condition of local agro-climate.
Agroklimat environmental heterogeneity has implications that there is no one approach that can be applied uniformly around the world. Techniques and different systems applied, and adapted, in different agroecology condition, give a different result. For example, in Ethiopia, and less tillage stone gives better results in the area a bit dry (semi-arid) compared to areas with high rainfall.

Biophysical factors such as local or regional soil quality and characteristics of the plot have been found to be an important determining factor for adopting conservation tillage technology. The same technology may not be appropriate for all family farmers because of the difference in resources, or markets that are not perfect or even absent, as well as the lack of credit.

2. Availability of biomass.
The adoption of sustainable farming practices by poor farmers are dependent on the number and availability of biomass (e.g. remains of plants, animal waste). This is because most sustainable farming practices (such as erosion control, water conservation, improvement of soil fertility, carbon binding) dealing directly with the biomass used to improve soil quality. The quantity of biomass available for small farmers is generally not sufficient because poor farmers have limited resources (such as land, livestock and/or labor).

Some studies have found evidence that livestock ownership affects the adoption application of compost, while the total land owned and labor limit the adoption of conservation tillage. The adoption of techniques such as the use of cover crops and the remains of plants (mulch) in the Ethiopian Highlands depend on the size of agricultural land and the availability of manpower. So, even though poor farmers are aware of the occurrence of soil degradation and the environment caused by disuse biomass to improve soil quality, they may still choose to divert scarce biomass it for use as a fuel for cooking or as a livestock food because they have no other alternative.

3. Economic Incentives.
Economic incentives are also very important in determining the economic feasibility of sustainable agriculture. The level of profits (in the short term and long term) of sustainable agriculture practices will affect its spread widely. Adoption and economic income of a technology is a function of or influenced by factors such as prices, consumer demand for certain types of food, physical infrastructure, market access, agro-ecology and the characteristics of the House the ladder (as opposed to poor and rich families male head of a household of women opponents). Also important, the level of profit of a certain practice is dependent on the agro-ecological conditions.

The rising prices of inputs will encourage the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices because farmers will replace external inputs with the practice often more use of manpower and resources that are available locally.

4. Product Market.
Demand has also become an impetus for the adoption of the technology. Increased knowledge and improved lines of communication will direct consumers to increase his request will be food products produced organically in the developed countries. At the same time, consumers are increasingly asking for food products that are manufactured using techniques of natural resource conservation, reducing pressure on the environment and pay attention to rural areas and eligibility for welfare animals.

This could be an opportunity to adopt sustainable agricultural practices for developed countries. Farmers in developing countries are not integrated with the input and output markets. This affected the promotion and adoption of this technology. Studies in Ethiopia, Kenya and the Dominican Republic found that infrastructure and better market access had a positive impact on the adoption of sustainable farming practices including technology. The investment costs are paid in advance and transaction costs in learning in developed or adapted an old technology have also become obstacles in adopting these technologies, especially in developing countries where capital markets are not perfect.

5. Access To Information.
Access to information is also important in raises awareness and attitude towards adoption of the technology. The insufficiency of information on the availability, the benefits of adoption, and detailed technical implementation of sustainable agriculture practices hampered to adopt this technology. In Ethiopia, a recent study found that access to agricultural extension services affect adoption of compost and tilling less (less tillage) positively, while formal education (as opposed to without education at all increasing the possibility of application of compost). Lack of awareness of the magnitude of the problem of soil erosion as well as lack of knowledge about the technology of conservation is also identified as the two main barriers farmers in adopting soil and water conservation technology in Tanzania.

6. Mastery of the land.
The insecurity of the mastery of land (land tenure insecurity) has proven to be obstacles for any investment where the reception is Dinobot with (will be received in the) future, when extra cash now when needed. This applies to all technologies including the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices. Nevertheless, the impact of insecurity of land investment in the mastery of sustainable practices has found specific locations or countries. In the Philippines and Honduras, insecurity mastery positively and significantly influenced the adoption of the "hedgerow" (hedgerows living among the plants that remain unanswered) and minimum tillage (minimum tillage). However, a study conducted in Uganda and southern Ethiopia where the scarcity of resources is common found that land is not mastery of insecurity significantly hinder investment in the land.

7. Institutional.
Institutional is also an important aspect in facilitating the promotion and adoption of sustainable farming practices. Applied research, extension services, NGOs, and networks can become a bridge for the development, implementation, and adaptation of illegal practices such as this. Participatory approaches which consider the capital of a society (social capital) in the implementation of the technology have been identified to be one of the important factors in influencing the adoption of sustainable farming practices.

The lack of a decent extension service has been identified as a barrier to the adoption of technology to increase productivity and is considered one of the disadvantages of the system of delivery in the extension. To ensure that the information is accurate and up to date have been delivered by the extension officers, required the development of training systems and organizations that continually improve the competency of the extension officers, especially regarding farming practices, not conventional such as sustainable agriculture.

With limited government resources and financial pressures experienced by the institutional outreach, it is important to foster public awareness of the farmers with coaching some farmers elected.

An informal network among farmers has always been a strong channel for mutual exchange of information and disseminate knowledge. For example, in Cambodia, the user SIP has grown almost 4000 times in 2008 compared to the year 2000, mainly through the dissemination of information informally. An evaluation that is performed against the 120 farmers who use the SIP method for at least 3 years found that, overall, they have given information on 969 households in his village, and 967 households outside her village.

However, despite the diffusion of such information very give hope, this can not be a substitute for the purposes of existence trained extension officers. They are still required to provide information that can be trusted about these practices, and therefore will ensure sustainability. Most farmers in developing countries are outside the economic system of ' cash ' with risk and high transaction costs.

This means that the existing institutional countryside becomes very important to reach this kind of farmers, provide them with information, credit and marketing services. Group or Association of farmers can be a valuable source of information for farmers. In the northern part of Ethiopia, a household membership in at least a group of farmers to significantly increase the likelihood of implementing conservation tillage and/or compost on their farmland. Also in Ethiopia, the waiter the credit associated with the technical assistance of microfinance institutions increase the use of compost and the investment in processing plant land, timber, and fence for life.

8. The political Constraints.
On a national and international level, environmental policies may be rather conducive to the promulgation of sustainable agriculture practices. At first, the factors that influence the design of the agricultural policy is the level of awareness of decision makers of the benefits of sustainable farming practices, such as representing a significant change from the accepted paradigm before. In addition, sustainable agriculture by reducing external inputs such as fertilizers and other chemicals to control weeds and pests may be facing the challenge of an industry of agro-chemicals and other traditional actors in the supply chain input-intensive farming. In order to successfully improve the wide application of sustainable agriculture required political support at different levels from the local to the national.

SUMMARY
Sustainable farming systems based on the use of agricultural technology. Sustainable farming systems aimed at reducing environmental damage, maintain agricultural productivity, increasing the income of farmers and improve the stability and quality of life of the community.

Of the various notions of sustainable farming systems, can be drawn the conclusion that the system of sustainable agriculture is an agricultural system that proposes the granting of the input is minimal as possible by paying attention to the environment in order to keep the sustainability of the agricultural system of long-term or sustainable. Another term that is more commonly known is LEISA (Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture).

As for the concept of LEISA is a concept which is a merger of the two principles namely agro-ecological farming practices and knowledge as well as the local community/traditional. According to the 2009 year Sihotang, sustainable farming systems should be evaluated based on the consideration of several criteria, among others: safe according to the insight environment, economically beneficial, fair according to social, humane considerations against all forms of life, and can be easily adapted.

Some of the activities that can be supported in the implementation of sustainable agriculture systems:

1. Integrated pest control
2. A rotational System and cultivating grass
3. Keep water quality/wetlands
4. Plant protectors
5. Land use and Crop Diversification
6. The nutrition management of plant
7. Marketing.

What is Agronomy? Definition of Agronomic Fundamentals for Agriculture

Definition of Agronomy

Some limitations on agronomy are given by experts, but from many restrictions, can be drawn general conclusions as below. Agronomy derived from the Latin Agros is meant to mean the garden and nomos in question means the management so that agronomy means the science of studying the management of agricultural crops with growing environment to obtain maximum & sustainable production.

The definition contains a frame of reference containing three basic notions:

1. Field production (plant environment)
2. Management
3. Maximum production (as a result of the above two factors)

These three factors each have elements that are entirely called agronomic elements.

The focus of agronomy is the field of production, it can be a plot of land, tubs, pots, plastic cups and others, natural or artificial or artificial.

Means of agronomy that can be a complement to the field is a means of technology, such as means of processing, storage facilities, and means of transportation of production. Means can also take the form of counseling and group activities.

The objective of agronomy is to maximize production, which may be fruits, seeds, tons and others. Agronomic objects are mostly plants, but pests can also be used as agronomic objects and even livestock, fish, frogs and others.

Relationship with agriculture
Agronomy is a branch of agricultural science where it deals with the study of plants & with the soil in which plants grow. As mentioned in the above plengdut.com explanation, this study requires a study and analysis.

Read Related : sustainable agriculture

Agronomic Measures

Ancient agriculture cannot be labeled as part of agronomy because it has not done agronomic action, for example, :

1. Not doing soil processing, they just burn the forest and then plant it.
2. Not to cultivate the plants, because they are planting crops then leave it later harvested.
3. Move around.
4. Not trying to find maximum production.

In general, the agronomy level is related to the level of knowledge of farmers at that time. Such relevance takes the form of an awareness to take agronomic action. The initial level of agronomic action begins when a person inhabits a cultivator inhabiting an area. In the vicinity of his house, the farmer planted more intensive crops.

The complete agronomic action is characterized by the presence of production fields, planned management, has the interest to achieve maximum production by applying various sciences and technology. The level of agronomic step-by-step measures from simple to advanced. The value depends on the third level of the agronomy's basic understanding. Meanwhile, the field level of production varies from the dirty to the clean and from the traditional to the modern with the absorption of advanced technology. The level of agronomic action is reflected by the level of field management of production.

The worst management will produce forests, for example, the agronomy unit of teak will produce teak forests. On the other hand, the management of an advanced agronomic unit with the management of good claims, water, soil and air elements to be able to estimate its maximum production falls at a time that coincides with a profitable marketing schedule. Intensification in the management of agronomic units is followed by the increasing of agronomic facilities both materials and services. Rice management that leads to maximum production will increase the need for fertilizers, medicines, superior seeds and services.

The management level with a single cropping system will be different with the management level with intercropping cropping or multiple cropping systems. The level of agronomy, the level of knowledge of farmers and the application of technology always increases in accordance with the interests of farmers. In such a case an increased agronomic product will result in an increased maximum production rate as well. The maximum level of an agronomic action is determined by the genetic and environmental elements of the agronomic object. Both elements of agronomy are included in agronomy.

Aspect and Scope of Agronomy

Agronomy Aspects
The agronomy aspect includes three main aspects, each of which is:

1. Aspects of plant breeding
2. Aspects of plant physiology
3. Ecological aspects of the plant

The three aspects of agronomy above are a crop science group that directly contribute to agronomic action and will be seen in crop production. The results of plant breeding, for example for a variety that has various superior properties. The likelihood of its superiority is highly dependent on the level of agronomic action undertaken at that stage.

The benefits of varieties can continue to be developed if the subject of agronomy can master the various physiological properties of the object. The physiological aspects of agronomy include all plant behavior from seed level to harvest stage, a variety of dormancy behavior unsuitable to increase production. In plant breeding cultivated varieties with more favorable dormancy behavior. Dormancy seed is a physiological behavior that is sometimes beneficial.

Scope of Agronomy
The scope of agronomy consists of areas of plant breeding, seed technology, harvesting, processing, cultivation techniques, pest and disease eradication, weed eradication and storage. Each field has its own act of agronomy, but all of it is in an agronomic context. Seed technology that seeks high-quality seeds should include efforts to improve its genetic, physical and physiological properties. A healthy seed is a seed that is not polluted by weed seeds, nor by insect bites and maturity. The assertiveness of all agronomic spheres is in a coherent context. Each other has a close and reciprocal relationship.

What are agronomists do?

Agronomists work to develop methods that will improve land use and increase the production of food crops and also fiber-rich.

They undertook agronomic research in crop rotation, irrigation & drainage, plant breeding, suitable soil classification or referred to soil selection, soil fertility, and what and how weed controls, and other areas still associated with agronomy.

This activity is intended to increase the economic value and crop production. The economic value of plants is where the selling value.

Education - Growth and Development In Living Things

Growth and development are the two processes running parallel and side by side. So the process of growth and development cannot be separated with one another. Every living being undergoes a process of growth and development. 

For example happens to ourselves, if the observed circumstances when the baby is very different from the current state.

Growth is a process of increasing the size of the cannot return to the origin (irreversible), which includes the expansion of the volume of the added mass of the dam. In addition to increasing the size of the cell, induced growth also occurred due to an increase in the number of cells.

Development is a process towards the achievement of a maturity. At the level of cellular differentiation, development can be either new cells divide to form specific organs that make up the network. In plants, the development marked by flowers or fruit. In animals and humans are characterized by the maturity of reproductive organs so that it is ready to produce offspring. The development also led to the development of the psychic from the age of infants, children, and becoming an adult.

Factors affecting growth and development

Factors affecting growth and development can be distinguished from factors within and from outside the body.

1. Internal factors
Factors in affecting growth and development come from within the body of the living thing alone. That includes this category is a factor gene and hormonal State.

a. Genes
The gene is the substance/material derived from the nature of the carrier's parent. Genes influence characteristics of living things, such as body shape, height, skin color, the color of the flowers, the color of feathers, fruit flavors, and so on. Genes also determine the ability of the metabolism of living beings, thus affecting the growth and development. Animals, plants, and human beings who have the genes to grow good will grow and grow quickly in accordance with the periods of growth and development.

b. Hormones
A hormone is a substance that acts to control various functions in the body. Although the hormone simply applied a little, give a real influence in the setting of various processes in the body. Hormones that influence growth and development on a variety of types of living things.

1) Hormone in plants
Hormones in plants are often called fitohormon or substances regulatory body. Some of these are cytokinin, Auxin, ethylene, challenged, and abscisic acid.

a) Auxin serves to stimulate cell renewal, stimulates the formation of flowers, fruit, and enable cambium to form new cells.

b) Cytokinin, spur cell division and accelerate the formation of roots and shoots.

c) Challenged, stimulates the cleavage and cell enlargement as well as stimulate seed germination. On certain plants, challenged can lead to the emergence of the flower more quickly.

d) Ethylene acts to inhibit the lengthening of the stem, accelerate aging of fruit, and cause aging of leaves.

e) absitat Acid plays a role in the process of threshing leaves.

2) Hormones in animals

Some of the growth hormones in animals are as follows.

a) Thyroxine, controlling the growth of the animals. This hormone stimulates the frog at the start of the process of metamorphosis.

b), affect bone growth.

c) Ekdison and juvenil, influenced the development of phase larvae and adult phase, especially in the invertebrate.

3) Hormone in humans

Hormones are produced by the endocrine glands or blind, a channel that has no glands. Some human growth hormone among others as follows.

a. thyroxine Hormone, produced by the pituitary gland/thyroid goiter. This hormone affects growth, development, and metabolism of carbohydrates in the body. A deficiency of this hormone can lead to myxoedema that is overweight.

b) growth hormones (GH). This hormone is produced by the pituitary the front. These hormones are also called hormone somatotropin (STH). Its role is to influence the speed of growth of a person. A child will not grow up with normal growth hormone deficiency. During growth, the excess of this hormone will result in a giant growth (Gigantism), otherwise if the shortage will cause a dwarf (cretinism). If the excess hormone occurs after adulthood, will cause an increase in certain parts of the body, such as in the nose or ear. This disorder is called acromegaly.

c) hormone testosterone, regulate the development of reproductive organs and the emergence of signs of secondary sex in men.

the hormone estrogen) d/progesterone, set up the development of reproductive organs and the emergence of secondary signs of sex in women.

2. External Factors 
External factors that affect the process of growth and development of living things comes from environmental factors. Some of the environmental factors that affect the growth and development of the living creature were as follows.

Food or nutrition
The food was raw materials and sources of energy in the body's metabolic processes. The quality and quantity of food affect the growth and development of living things. Because it is in its infancy, you should eat foods that are nutritious enough to support the growth and development of your body.

Nutrients needed human and the animal is carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. All of these substances are obtained from food. As for plants, nutrients are needed in the form of water and nutrient substances that are dissolved in the water. Through the process of photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide (CO2) is converted into food substances with the help of sunlight. Although not a direct role in photosynthesis, the nutrient substance required for the plants can grow and thrive.

Temperature 
All living things need a temperature appropriate to support growth and development. This temperature is called the optimum temperature, for example, a normal human body temperature is around 37 ° C. At the optimum temperature, all living things can grow and thrive. Animals and humans have the ability to survive in a particular environment temperature range. Plants showed a more tangible influence against temperature.

Rice planted at the beginning of the dry season (average air temperature high) faster than the harvested rice grown in the rainy season (average temperature is low). Types of roses that grow and bloom well in a cool mountain, when planted in coastal areas are hot growth to be slow and do not produce flowers as beautiful as before. This is because all processes in the growth and development such as the water absorption, photosynthesis, respiration and evaporation, plants are affected by temperature.

3. The light
Light effect on the growth and development of living things. Plants really need sunlight for photosynthesis. But the presence of light turns out to be inhibiting the growth of plants because the light can damage the hormone Auxin found on the tip of the rod. When you save the sprouts in a dark place for a few days, that sprouts will grow faster (higher) than it should be, but looking weak and pale yellowish/for lack of chlorophyll. In addition to plants, humans also need sunlight to help the formation of vitamin D.

4. Water and Humidity
Water and humidity is an important factor for growth and development. Water desperately needed by living beings. Without water, living creatures cannot survive. The water is where the chemical reactions in the body. Without water, chemical reactions in the cell cannot take place so it can result in death.

Humidity is the abundance of water vapor content in the air or on the ground. Moist soil affects plant growth well against. Humid conditions a lot of water that can be absorbed by plants and less evaporation. These conditions greatly influence once against cell lengthening. Humidity is also critical to maintaining the stability of the shape of the cell.

5. Land
For plants, soil influence on growth and development. Plants will grow and grow with optimum when soil conditions place her life in accordance with the needs of nutrients and nutrient elements. Soil conditions are determined by other environmental factors, such as temperature, mineral content, and water.

The Metamorphosis

Metamorphosis is the event of the change of body shape gradually, beginning from larva to adult. Metamorphosis can be distinguished into two, namely, a perfect metamorphosis and metamorphosis is not perfect.

1. Perfect Metamorphosis
Perfect metamorphosis is characterized by the presence of a phase called a pupa or chrysalis. The form of the adult insect larvae with much different. Stages in the metamorphosis are perfect is as follows.

2. Metamorphosis is not perfect (Hemimetabola)
Locust Metamorphosis

Insects that undergo metamorphosis is not perfect, the shape of the new insects are hatching (nymph) is not much different from the form of the adult insect (image). The striking difference is the nymphs do not have wings. The wings will grow incrementally so as to resemble the adult form. In general the nymphs and adult insects have the same properties.

Aerobiology is the Study of Organic Particles in the Air

This time I share the article called "Aerobiology is the study of Organic Particles in the air". There are still many people who do not know about the Aerobiology, so I made this article so that people know very well.

What is Aerobiology?

Aerobiology (ἀήρ, aēr: Greece, "air"; βίος, bios, "life"; and-λογία,-logia , "Science") is a branch of biology that studies organic particles, such as bacteria, fungal spores, very small insects, pollen grains, and viruses, which are passively transported by air. Medical application of aerobiology is essential in the study of the spread of the disease through the air. Aerobiology involves interactions with engineering sciences and meteorology.

Air
Most of the air contains oxygen and nitrogen. Air refers to the mixture of gases in the Earth's surface. The air does not appear to the eye, no smell, no taste. The presence of air can only be seen from the presence of the wind that moves the objects. The air is one of the types of natural resources because it has many functions for living things.

The content of the element compound gases and particles in the air will vary with height above the ground. Likewise, its mass will decrease as the altitude. Getting closer to the troposphere layer, then the air is getting thin, so that the Earth's gravity over the limit, then the air will be entirely hollow. When living things breathe, the oxygen content is reduced, while the carbon dioxide content increases. When the plant was undergoing photosynthesis system, oxygen is liberated again.

Air Content
Air consists of three major elements, namely, dry air, water vapor, and aerosols. The content of dry air is 78% Nitrogen, 20% oxygen, 0.93% Argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide, 0.003% other gases (Neon, Helium, Methane, Krypton, hydrogen, Xenon, Radon, Ozone). Water vapor in the air comes from evaporation (evaporation) in the sea, rivers, lakes, and other watering places. Aerosols are small-sized objects, such as salt, carbon, sulfate, nitrate, potassium, calcium, and particles from the volcano.

Life
Life (cf. biota) is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have a cue and self-sustaining processes (living organisms) and objects that do not have them, either because such functions have died or because they don't have the functionality and classified as inanimate objects. The science that deals with the study of biology are life.

Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, has the capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means. A wide array of living organisms (life forms) can be found in the biosphere on Earth, and the General properties of these organisms plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria is a form of carbon and water-based cells, with complex organization and inheritable genetic information.

In philosophy and religion, the conception of life and its nature varies. Both offer interpretations about how life relates to existence and consciousness, and both touch on related issues, including the attitude of life, purpose, the concept of God or gods, souls or life after death.

Science
An experiment for the sake of the development of science. Science, science, or science is the whole conscious effort to investigate, discover, and increase human understanding of the various facets of reality in human nature. This facet is limited so that the resulting formulation-formulation. The science of providing certainty by limiting the scope of his vision, and the certainty of science gained from its limitations.

Science is not just knowledge but encapsulates a set of theories based on the knowledge that was agreed upon and can be systematically tested with a set of methods that are recognized in a specific field of study. Viewed from the angle of the philosophy of science, formed because people are trying to think more about knowledge. Science is a product of epistemology.

The natural sciences could only be sure after the field is limited to in the event that banana (material only), or the science of psychology can only predict human behavior if the scope of his vision is limited to the public in terms of human behavior that is concrete. With regard to this example, the natural sciences to answer questions about how the distance of the Sun and the Earth.